{
 "name": "Visa routes across 21 countries",
 "description": "Every visa and residence route VisaChief documents, with the indicative government charge, processing time, length of stay, work rights, whether it is permanent, whether it is points-tested, and its pathway to permanent residence.",
 "publisher": {
  "name": "VisaChief",
  "url": "https://visachief.com/"
 },
 "source": {
  "name": "Official immigration authority of each country, cited on the page for each route",
  "url": "https://visachief.com/editorial-policy"
 },
 "retrieved": "2026-08-26",
 "updated": "2026-08-26",
 "license": "CC BY 4.0",
 "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "citation": "VisaChief (2026). Visa routes across 21 countries. Retrieved 2026-08-26 from https://visachief.com/data/visas-global.json",
 "url": "https://visachief.com/data/visas-global.json",
 "record_count": 584,
 "records": [
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "500",
   "name": "Student visa",
   "category": "student",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students enrolled full-time in a registered (CRICOS) Australian course.",
   "charge": "~$2,500 (~$2,050 for ELICOS and non-award sectors)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months (median ~29 days)",
   "stay": "Duration of your course (up to ~5 years)",
   "work_rights": "Up to 48 hours per fortnight while studying; unlimited during scheduled breaks",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary). Pathway via the Graduate (485) visa, then skilled or employer-sponsored routes to PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/student-visa-500"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "590",
   "name": "Student Guardian visa",
   "category": "student",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Parents or legal guardians coming to care for a student under 18 (or a student needing care) studying in Australia.",
   "charge": "~$2,500",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Aligned to the student's visa / until they turn 18",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - a care visa tied to the student's enrolment.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/student-guardian-visa-590"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "485",
   "name": "Temporary Graduate visa",
   "category": "student",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Recent graduates of an Australian qualification who want to live and work here after study.",
   "charge": "~$5,750 (~$2,265 for the second Post-Higher Education stream)",
   "processing_time": "~4-6 months (median ~35 days)",
   "stay": "~18 months to 3 years (longer for some regional study)",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - but the key bridge to PR. Use it to gain points, experience or sponsorship for 189/190/491/482/186.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/temporary-graduate-visa-485"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "476",
   "name": "Skilled Recognised Graduate visa",
   "category": "student",
   "type": "Temporary (18 months)",
   "who_for": "Recent engineering graduates from a recognised institution who want to gain skilled work experience in Australia.",
   "charge": "~$465",
   "processing_time": "~3-5 months",
   "stay": "18 months",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary). Build experience toward a points-tested or employer-sponsored PR visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-recognised-graduate-visa-476"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "189",
   "name": "Skilled Independent visa",
   "category": "skilled",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers with an eligible occupation who can qualify on points alone - no sponsor needed.",
   "charge": "~$6,135 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~5-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "This visa IS permanent residence. Pathway to citizenship after meeting residence requirements.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-independent-visa-189"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "190",
   "name": "Skilled Nominated visa",
   "category": "skilled",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers nominated by an Australian state or territory - nomination adds 5 points.",
   "charge": "~$6,140 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~5-9 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence on grant. You commit to living and working in the nominating state (typically ~2 years).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-nominated-visa-190"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "491",
   "name": "Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) visa",
   "category": "skilled",
   "type": "Provisional (5 yrs)",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers willing to live and work in regional Australia - adds 15 points.",
   "charge": "~$6,140 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "5 years (provisional)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights in designated regional areas",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Pathway to permanent residence via subclass 887 after 3 years living and working regionally and meeting the income requirement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-work-regional-provisional-visa-491"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "887",
   "name": "Skilled Regional visa",
   "category": "skilled",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Holders of a 491 (or older 489) who have met the regional residence and income requirements.",
   "charge": "~$630 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~9-14 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is the permanent residence step that follows the regional provisional visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-regional-visa-887"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "191",
   "name": "Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional) visa",
   "category": "skilled",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Holders of a 491 or 494 regional provisional visa who have met the 3-year residence and income requirements.",
   "charge": "~$6,135 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is the permanent residence step for the newer regional visas (491/494).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/permanent-residence-skilled-regional-visa-191"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "489",
   "name": "Skilled Regional (Provisional) visa",
   "category": "skilled",
   "type": "Provisional (legacy)",
   "who_for": "A former regional provisional visa now closed to new applications - replaced by the 491. Existing holders progress to the 887.",
   "charge": "Closed to new applications",
   "processing_time": " - ",
   "stay": "4 years (existing holders)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights in specified regional areas",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Closed to new applicants. Existing 489 holders move to permanent residence via subclass 887.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-regional-provisional-visa-489"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "482",
   "name": "Skills in Demand visa (SID)",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Temporary (up to 4 yrs)",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers with an Australian employer sponsor for an occupation in demand. Replaced the TSS visa.",
   "charge": "~$4,015 (all streams)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months (priority 5-10 days)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years",
   "work_rights": "Full-time for your sponsoring employer in the nominated occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Pathway to PR via subclass 186 (ENS) after 2 years with an eligible sponsor.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skills-in-demand-visa-sid-482"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "186",
   "name": "Employer Nomination Scheme (ENS) visa",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers nominated by an Australian employer for a permanent role.",
   "charge": "~$6,140 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~5-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This visa IS permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/employer-nomination-scheme-ens-visa-186"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "494",
   "name": "Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (Provisional) visa",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Provisional (5 yrs)",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers sponsored by a regional employer, with a pathway to PR.",
   "charge": "~$6,140 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~8-14 months",
   "stay": "5 years (provisional)",
   "work_rights": "Full-time for your sponsoring regional employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Pathway to PR via subclass 191 after 3 years on the visa meeting the income requirement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/skilled-employer-sponsored-regional-provisional-visa-494"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "407",
   "name": "Training visa",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Temporary (up to 2 yrs)",
   "who_for": "People doing workplace-based occupational training to improve skills for their job, study or field.",
   "charge": "~$535",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Only the approved training activities",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - a structured-training visa, not a direct PR pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/training-visa-407"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "400",
   "name": "Temporary Work (Short Stay Specialist) visa",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Temporary (short stay)",
   "who_for": "People coming for short-term, highly specialised, non-ongoing work, or to participate in an event.",
   "charge": "~$535",
   "processing_time": "~days to a few weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 months (sometimes 6)",
   "work_rights": "The specialised work specified",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - short-stay specialist work only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/temporary-work-short-stay-specialist-visa-400"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "408",
   "name": "Temporary Activity visa",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People coming for specific activities - entertainment, sport, religious work, research, or invited cultural/social programs.",
   "charge": "~$535",
   "processing_time": "~3-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Varies by activity (up to ~2-4 years for some streams)",
   "work_rights": "Only the nominated activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - activity-based visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/temporary-activity-visa-408"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "403",
   "name": "Temporary Work (International Relations) visa",
   "category": "employer",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People working under a bilateral agreement, for a foreign government, as domestic staff of a diplomat, or in the Pacific/seasonal labour streams.",
   "charge": "~$470",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Varies by stream (up to 4 years for some)",
   "work_rights": "As specified by the stream",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - international-relations streams (including PALM).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/temporary-work-international-relations-visa-403"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "820 / 801",
   "name": "Partner visa (onshore)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary → Permanent",
   "who_for": "Partners or spouses of an Australian citizen, permanent resident or eligible NZ citizen, applying in Australia.",
   "charge": "~$11,710 (covers both stages)",
   "processing_time": "~12-24+ months for the 820 stage",
   "stay": "820 (temporary) then 801 (permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "The 801 stage is permanent residence, usually assessed around 2 years later (sooner for long-term or registered relationships).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/partner-visa-onshore-820-801"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "309 / 100",
   "name": "Partner visa (offshore)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary → Permanent",
   "who_for": "Partners or spouses applying from outside Australia. Same relationship basis as the onshore partner visa.",
   "charge": "~$11,710 (covers both stages)",
   "processing_time": "~12-24+ months for the 309 stage",
   "stay": "309 (temporary) then 100 (permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited (once granted and in Australia)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "The 100 stage is permanent residence, usually assessed around 2 years later.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/partner-visa-offshore-309-100"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "300",
   "name": "Prospective Marriage visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary (9-15 months)",
   "who_for": "People engaged to an Australian citizen, PR or eligible NZ citizen, who intend to marry then apply for a partner visa.",
   "charge": "~$11,710",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "9-15 months to marry, then apply onshore (820)",
   "work_rights": "Yes",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not directly - you marry within the visa period, then lodge an onshore partner visa (820/801) toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/prospective-marriage-visa-300"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "445",
   "name": "Dependent Child visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Dependent children of a parent who holds a temporary Partner visa (820/309), to join that parent in Australia.",
   "charge": "~$4,040",
   "processing_time": "~12-20 months",
   "stay": "Until the parent's permanent Partner visa is decided",
   "work_rights": "Yes",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Bridges to PR when added to the parent's permanent Partner visa (801/100).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/dependent-child-visa-445"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "101",
   "name": "Child visa (offshore)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Dependent children outside Australia of an Australian citizen, PR or eligible NZ citizen parent.",
   "charge": "~$4,040",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This visa IS permanent residence for the child.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/child-visa-offshore-101"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "802",
   "name": "Child visa (onshore)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Dependent children in Australia of an Australian citizen, PR or eligible NZ citizen parent.",
   "charge": "~$4,040",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This visa IS permanent residence for the child.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/child-visa-onshore-802"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "143",
   "name": "Contributory Parent visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Parents of a settled Australian citizen or PR child, paying the contributory charge for faster processing.",
   "charge": "Two instalments; a large second instalment is payable before grant",
   "processing_time": "Several years (faster than non-contributory)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/contributory-parent-visa-143"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "173",
   "name": "Contributory Parent (Temporary) visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary (2 yrs)",
   "who_for": "Parents who pay the first contributory instalment for a 2-year temporary visa, then move to the permanent 143.",
   "charge": "First instalment payable at lodgement; a further contributory instalment applies",
   "processing_time": "Several years (queue)",
   "stay": "2 years",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A stepping-stone - convert to the permanent Contributory Parent visa (143) by paying the second instalment.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/contributory-parent-temporary-visa-173"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "864",
   "name": "Contributory Aged Parent visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Aged parents (at pension age) already in Australia, paying the contributory charge for faster processing.",
   "charge": "First instalment ~$6,300; large second instalment applies",
   "processing_time": "Several years (faster than non-contributory)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence for aged parents onshore.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/contributory-aged-parent-visa-864"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "103",
   "name": "Parent visa (non-contributory)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Parents seeking PR at a far lower cost than the contributory stream - but with extremely long queues.",
   "charge": "~$6,600 first instalment (second instalment applies)",
   "processing_time": "Very long - commonly many years to decades in the queue",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence - but the queue is the defining issue; many applicants consider the contributory stream instead.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/parent-visa-non-contributory-103"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "804",
   "name": "Aged Parent visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Aged parents (at pension age) in Australia seeking PR on the non-contributory stream.",
   "charge": "~$6,600 first instalment (second instalment applies)",
   "processing_time": "Very long - many years to decades in the queue",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence - long queue; the contributory option (864) is far faster.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/aged-parent-visa-804"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "870",
   "name": "Sponsored Parent (Temporary) visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary (up to 5 yrs)",
   "who_for": "Parents who want to spend extended time with family in Australia without joining the permanent parent queue.",
   "charge": "~$1,515 first instalment (second instalment for the 3 or 5 year period)",
   "processing_time": "~6-10 months (after sponsor approval)",
   "stay": "3 or 5 years (renewable up to 10 years total)",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - but lets parents live in Australia long-term while a permanent option is considered.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/sponsored-parent-temporary-visa-870"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "116 / 836",
   "name": "Carer visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "People coming to provide long-term care for a relative (or their family member) with a serious medical condition.",
   "charge": "~$2,720",
   "processing_time": "Several years (queue)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence for the carer.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/carer-visa-116-836"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "115 / 835",
   "name": "Remaining Relative visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "People whose only close family lives in Australia - they have no near relatives elsewhere.",
   "charge": "~$6,600",
   "processing_time": "Very long - many years in the queue",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence - but with a very long queue.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/remaining-relative-visa-115-835"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "461",
   "name": "New Zealand Citizen Family Relationship visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary (5 yrs)",
   "who_for": "Non-NZ family members of a New Zealand citizen living in Australia, to live, work and study here.",
   "charge": "~$1,330",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 months",
   "stay": "5 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No (temporary) - renewable; PR via skilled, partner or the NZ stream where eligible.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/new-zealand-citizen-family-relationship-visa-461"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "600",
   "name": "Visitor visa",
   "category": "visitor",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People visiting Australia for tourism, to see family, or for certain business visitor activities.",
   "charge": "~$250 (Tourist stream, applied for outside Australia)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks to several months",
   "stay": "Usually up to 3, 6 or 12 months per entry",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No - a temporary visitor visa only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/visitor-visa-600"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "601",
   "name": "Electronic Travel Authority (ETA)",
   "category": "visitor",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Passport holders from eligible countries who want a quick, electronically-linked short visit for tourism or business.",
   "charge": "~$20 service charge (no visa application charge)",
   "processing_time": "~minutes to a few days",
   "stay": "Up to 3 months per entry, within 12 months",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No - short visits only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/electronic-travel-authority-eta-601"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "651",
   "name": "eVisitor visa",
   "category": "visitor",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "European passport holders visiting Australia for tourism or business visitor activities.",
   "charge": "Free (no visa application charge)",
   "processing_time": "~minutes to a few days",
   "stay": "Up to 3 months per entry, within 12 months",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No - short visits only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/evisitor-visa-651"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "417",
   "name": "Working Holiday visa",
   "category": "visitor",
   "type": "Temporary (12 months)",
   "who_for": "Young people from eligible Working Holiday Maker countries who want to holiday and work in Australia short-term.",
   "charge": "~$840",
   "processing_time": "~days to a few weeks",
   "stay": "12 months, extendable to a 2nd/3rd year with specified work",
   "work_rights": "Yes (limited time per employer)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No - but specified regional work can unlock a 2nd or 3rd year.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/working-holiday-visa-417"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "462",
   "name": "Work and Holiday visa",
   "category": "visitor",
   "type": "Temporary (12 months)",
   "who_for": "Young people from eligible Work and Holiday countries (often with extra requirements like education and a letter of support).",
   "charge": "~$840",
   "processing_time": "~days to a few weeks",
   "stay": "12 months, extendable to a 2nd/3rd year with specified work",
   "work_rights": "Yes (limited time per employer)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No - but specified work can unlock a 2nd or 3rd year.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/work-and-holiday-visa-462"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "771",
   "name": "Transit visa",
   "category": "visitor",
   "type": "Temporary (72 hours)",
   "who_for": "People transiting through Australia for up to 72 hours, or transit crew.",
   "charge": "Free",
   "processing_time": "~days",
   "stay": "Up to 72 hours",
   "work_rights": "No (except eligible crew)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No - transit only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/transit-visa-771"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "858",
   "name": "National Innovation visa (NIV)",
   "category": "talent",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "Highly skilled individuals with an internationally recognised record of exceptional and outstanding achievement. Replaced the Global Talent program.",
   "charge": "~$6,235 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "Varies - case by case",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This visa IS permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/national-innovation-visa-niv-858"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "188",
   "name": "Business Innovation & Investment (Provisional) visa",
   "category": "talent",
   "type": "Closed to new applications",
   "who_for": "Formerly for business owners and investors. The program is closed to new applications - the National Innovation visa is the current pathway.",
   "charge": "Closed - no new applications accepted",
   "processing_time": " - ",
   "stay": " - ",
   "work_rights": " - ",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Closed since 2024. Existing 188 holders may still progress to the 888 permanent stage; new applicants should consider the National Innovation visa (858).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/business-innovation-and-investment-provisional-visa-188"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "888",
   "name": "Business Innovation & Investment (Permanent) visa",
   "category": "talent",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "The permanent stage for existing subclass 188 holders who have met their business or investment requirements.",
   "charge": "~$4,375 (main applicant)",
   "processing_time": "~12-20 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited - full PR work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This visa IS permanent residence - but only for existing 188 holders.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/business-innovation-and-investment-permanent-visa-888"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "132",
   "name": "Business Talent (Permanent) visa",
   "category": "talent",
   "type": "Closed to new applications",
   "who_for": "A former direct-to-PR business visa for high-calibre business owners. Closed - replaced by the National Innovation pathway.",
   "charge": "Closed - no new applications accepted",
   "processing_time": " - ",
   "stay": " - ",
   "work_rights": " - ",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Closed since 2024. Consider the National Innovation visa (858) instead.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/business-talent-permanent-visa-132"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "155 / 157",
   "name": "Resident Return visa (RRV)",
   "category": "other",
   "type": "Permanent (travel facility)",
   "who_for": "Permanent residents (or former PRs/citizens) who need to renew their travel facility to re-enter Australia as a PR.",
   "charge": "~$1,475",
   "processing_time": "~days to a few weeks",
   "stay": "Permanent residence; 5-year (or shorter) travel facility",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Maintains your permanent residence and the right to travel and re-enter Australia.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/resident-return-visa-rrv-155-157"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "444",
   "name": "Special Category visa (NZ)",
   "category": "other",
   "type": "Temporary (special)",
   "who_for": "New Zealand citizens who live, work and study in Australia - granted automatically on arrival with an NZ passport.",
   "charge": "Free (granted on arrival)",
   "processing_time": "On arrival",
   "stay": "Indefinite while you remain an NZ citizen present in Australia",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not PR itself, but eligible NZ citizens have a direct pathway to citizenship (and to PR via the NZ stream of 189).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/special-category-visa-nz-444"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "866",
   "name": "Protection visa",
   "category": "other",
   "type": "Permanent",
   "who_for": "People in Australia who engage Australia's protection obligations (refugees and those owed complementary protection).",
   "charge": "~$50",
   "processing_time": "Varies - often long",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence for those found to engage protection obligations after lawful arrival.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/protection-visa-866"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "785",
   "name": "Temporary Protection visa (TPV)",
   "category": "other",
   "type": "Temporary (3 yrs)",
   "who_for": "People owed protection who arrived unlawfully - a temporary protection status.",
   "charge": "~$50",
   "processing_time": "Varies",
   "stay": "3 years",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary - policy on permanent resolution of this cohort has changed over time; seek current advice.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/temporary-protection-visa-tpv-785"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "790",
   "name": "Safe Haven Enterprise visa (SHEV)",
   "category": "other",
   "type": "Temporary (5 yrs)",
   "who_for": "People owed protection who commit to working or studying in regional Australia - a 5-year protection status with pathway options.",
   "charge": "~$50",
   "processing_time": "Varies",
   "stay": "5 years",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary - meeting the SHEV work/study pathway can open access to certain other visas; seek current advice.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/safe-haven-enterprise-visa-shev-790"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "010",
   "name": "Bridging visa A (BVA)",
   "category": "bridging",
   "type": "Bridging",
   "who_for": "People who applied for a new substantive visa while holding one - keeps them lawful while it is decided.",
   "charge": "Free (granted with the substantive application)",
   "processing_time": "Granted with the substantive application",
   "stay": "Until the substantive application is decided (plus wind-up)",
   "work_rights": "Conditions follow your application / previous visa",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a visa you apply for on its own - it bridges you to your substantive visa decision.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/bridging-visa-a-bva-010"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "020",
   "name": "Bridging visa B (BVB)",
   "category": "bridging",
   "type": "Bridging",
   "who_for": "BVA holders who need to travel outside Australia and return while their substantive visa is pending.",
   "charge": "~$190",
   "processing_time": "~days",
   "stay": "A specified travel period",
   "work_rights": "As per your conditions",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a substantive visa - it adds travel rights to your bridging situation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/bridging-visa-b-bvb-020"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "030",
   "name": "Bridging visa C (BVC)",
   "category": "bridging",
   "type": "Bridging",
   "who_for": "People who applied for a substantive visa while unlawful (no substantive visa) - keeps them lawful while it is decided.",
   "charge": "Free",
   "processing_time": "Granted with the substantive application",
   "stay": "Until the substantive application is decided",
   "work_rights": "Often no work rights unless granted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a substantive visa - it bridges an onshore application made without a current visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/bridging-visa-c-bvc-030"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "050",
   "name": "Bridging visa E (BVE)",
   "category": "bridging",
   "type": "Bridging",
   "who_for": "Unlawful non-citizens making arrangements to depart, or resolve their status - to remain lawful in the meantime.",
   "charge": "Free",
   "processing_time": "~days",
   "stay": "Short term while you resolve status or depart",
   "work_rights": "Usually no work rights (can sometimes be requested)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a substantive visa - it lets you stay lawfully briefly while you depart or finalise a matter.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/bridging-visa-e-bve-050"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "au",
   "country": "Australia",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Australian Citizenship (by conferral)",
   "category": "citizenship",
   "type": "Pathway",
   "who_for": "Permanent residents who meet the residence requirements and want to become Australian citizens.",
   "charge": "~$560 application",
   "processing_time": "~varies; plus a ceremony after approval",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Unlimited",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "The final step after permanent residence - full citizenship with an Australian passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/au/australian-citizenship"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Standard Visitor",
   "name": "Standard Visitor visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For people visiting the UK for tourism, to see family, for business meetings or short-term study.",
   "charge": "~£127 (6 months); long-term ~£475-£1,059",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months (long-term options up to 10 years)",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted (limited business activities only)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; visitors must leave at the end of their permitted stay.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/standard-visitor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Marriage Visitor",
   "name": "Marriage Visitor visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For people who want to come to the UK to get married or register a civil partnership but not settle.",
   "charge": "~£127",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; for settling with a partner use the Family/spouse route instead.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/marriage-visitor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Skilled Worker",
   "name": "Skilled Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For people with a job offer from a UK employer holding a sponsor licence in an eligible skilled occupation.",
   "charge": "~£769-£1,519 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks (outside UK), ~8 weeks (inside UK)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years per grant (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work only for your licensed sponsor in the sponsored role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years of continuous lawful residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/skilled-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Health & Care",
   "name": "Health and Care Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For qualified doctors, nurses, health professionals and adult social care workers with an NHS or eligible care sponsor.",
   "charge": "~£304-£590 application; IHS exempt (no surcharge)",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years per grant (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work only for your licensed health or care sponsor",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years of continuous lawful residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/health-and-care-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "GBM Senior/Specialist",
   "name": "Global Business Mobility - Senior or Specialist Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For senior managers or specialist employees transferring to a UK branch of their overseas employer.",
   "charge": "~£769-£1,519 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years (longer for high earners) over a rolling period",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring linked UK business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not directly lead to settlement; switch to Skilled Worker to build an ILR pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/global-business-mobility-senior-or-specialist-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "GBM Graduate Trainee",
   "name": "Global Business Mobility - Graduate Trainee visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For employees on a graduate training programme transferring to a UK branch of their overseas employer.",
   "charge": "~£769 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring linked UK business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; switch to Skilled Worker for a longer-term route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/global-business-mobility-graduate-trainee-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "GBM Expansion Worker",
   "name": "Global Business Mobility - UK Expansion Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For senior managers or specialists sent to set up a UK branch of an overseas business with no trading presence yet.",
   "charge": "~£769 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (12 months at a time)",
   "work_rights": "Work only to establish the sponsoring UK business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; intended to bridge to a full Skilled Worker sponsor licence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/global-business-mobility-uk-expansion-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "GBM Service Supplier",
   "name": "Global Business Mobility - Service Supplier visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For contractual service suppliers or self-employed professionals providing services under a UK trade agreement.",
   "charge": "~£769 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months (6 months in some cases)",
   "work_rights": "Provide the contracted service for the UK sponsor only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; short-term service provision only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/global-business-mobility-service-supplier-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "GBM Secondment",
   "name": "Global Business Mobility - Secondment Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For workers seconded to the UK as part of a high-value contract or investment by their overseas employer.",
   "charge": "~£769 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring UK business on the secondment",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; secondment is temporary.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/global-business-mobility-secondment-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Scale-up",
   "name": "Scale-up Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For talented individuals with a high-skilled job offer from an authorised fast-growing UK scale-up business.",
   "charge": "~£880 application; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "2 years initially, then extendable",
   "work_rights": "Sponsored for first 6 months, then unsponsored work allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years of continuous residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/scale-up-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Global Talent",
   "name": "Global Talent visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For leaders or emerging leaders in academia, research, arts, culture or digital technology.",
   "charge": "Endorsement ~£561 + visa ~£205 (~£766 total); IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks (plus endorsement stage ~4-8 weeks)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years per grant (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work freely, employed or self-employed, no sponsor needed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement after 3 years (talent) or 5 years (promise) of residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/global-talent-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "HPI",
   "name": "High Potential Individual (HPI) visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For recent graduates of top global universities who want to work or look for work in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£880 application; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "2 years (3 years with a PhD)",
   "work_rights": "Work, including self-employment, no sponsor required",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not directly lead to settlement; switch to Skilled Worker to build an ILR pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/high-potential-individual-hpi-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Innovator Founder",
   "name": "Innovator Founder visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For experienced entrepreneurs establishing an innovative, viable and scalable business in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£1,274 (outside) / £1,590 (inside); IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks (plus endorsement)",
   "stay": "3 years per grant (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work for your own endorsed business; some other employment allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 3 years if endorsement criteria are met.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/innovator-founder-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Student visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people aged 16 or over with a place on an eligible course at a licensed UK education provider.",
   "charge": "~£524 application; IHS ~£776/year (student rate)",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks (outside UK), ~8 weeks (inside UK)",
   "stay": "Length of course (up to 5 years for degree level)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work in term, full-time in holidays (course dependent)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not directly lead to settlement; switch to Graduate or Skilled Worker afterwards.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/student-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Child Student",
   "name": "Child Student visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For children aged 4 to 17 attending an independent fee-paying school in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£524 application; IHS ~£776/year (child rate)",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Length of course (up to 6 years depending on age)",
   "work_rights": "Limited work for those aged 16+ only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not directly lead to settlement; switch to Student route afterwards.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/child-student-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Graduate",
   "name": "Graduate visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For international students who have completed an eligible UK degree and want to stay to work or look for work.",
   "charge": "~£880 application; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks",
   "stay": "2 years (3 years for PhD graduates)",
   "work_rights": "Work at any skill level, including self-employment, no sponsor",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not directly lead to settlement; switch to Skilled Worker to build an ILR pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/graduate-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "YMS",
   "name": "Youth Mobility Scheme visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young people from participating countries and territories who want to live and work in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£319 application; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (3 years for some nationalities)",
   "work_rights": "Work freely, including self-employment, no sponsor needed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; switch to another route to remain longer.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/youth-mobility-scheme-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Family Partner",
   "name": "Family visa (spouse or partner, Appendix FM)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For partners of British citizens or settled persons who want to live in the UK with them.",
   "charge": "~£1,938 (outside) / £1,048 (inside); IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~12 weeks (outside UK), ~8 weeks (inside UK)",
   "stay": "33 months (outside) or 30 months (inside), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted with no restrictions",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years on the partner route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/family-visa-spouse-or-partner-appendix-fm"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Parent",
   "name": "Family visa (parent of a child in the UK)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For a parent coming to or staying in the UK to care for their child who is British or settled.",
   "charge": "~£1,938 (outside) / £1,048 (inside); IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~12 weeks (outside UK), ~8 weeks (inside UK)",
   "stay": "33 months (outside) or 30 months (inside), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted with no restrictions",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years on the parent route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/family-visa-parent-of-a-child-in-the-uk"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "UK Ancestry",
   "name": "UK Ancestry visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For Commonwealth citizens with a grandparent born in the UK who want to work in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£637 application; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work freely, including self-employment, no sponsor needed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years of continuous residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/uk-ancestry-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Creative Worker",
   "name": "Temporary Work - Creative Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For artists, entertainers, musicians and creative workers with a UK sponsor for short-term work.",
   "charge": "~£319 application; CoS required; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months (24 months total)",
   "work_rights": "Work in the sponsored creative role; some secondary work allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; temporary work route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/temporary-work-creative-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Religious Worker",
   "name": "Temporary Work - Religious Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people doing religious work such as preaching or working in a religious community on a temporary basis.",
   "charge": "~£319 application; CoS required; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Religious work for the sponsoring organisation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; use Minister of Religion route for longer stays.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/temporary-work-religious-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Minister of Religion",
   "name": "Minister of Religion visa (T2)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For religious ministers, missionaries or members of a religious order taking a role within a UK faith community.",
   "charge": "~£769-£1,519 application; CoS ~£525; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work in the sponsored religious post",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years of continuous residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/minister-of-religion-visa-t2"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Charity Worker",
   "name": "Temporary Work - Charity Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people doing unpaid voluntary work for a UK charity on a temporary basis.",
   "charge": "~£319 application; CoS required; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Unpaid voluntary work for the sponsoring charity only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; temporary volunteering route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/temporary-work-charity-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Sportsperson",
   "name": "International Sportsperson visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For elite sportspeople and coaches endorsed by their sport's UK governing body.",
   "charge": "~£319 (≤12 months) / £769 (>12 months); CoS required; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (12 months or less for short engagements)",
   "work_rights": "Work in the sponsored sporting role; some secondary work allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years for longer-term grants.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/international-sportsperson-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Seasonal Worker",
   "name": "Seasonal Worker visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people coming to the UK for short-term roles in horticulture (edible and ornamental crops) or poultry.",
   "charge": "~£319 application; CoS required; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months (horticulture); shorter for poultry",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal work for the sponsoring scheme operator only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; strictly seasonal and temporary.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/seasonal-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "GAE",
   "name": "Temporary Work - Government Authorised Exchange visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people coming to the UK for work experience, training or research through an approved exchange scheme.",
   "charge": "~£319 application; CoS required; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 or 24 months depending on the scheme",
   "work_rights": "Work only within the approved exchange scheme",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; exchange and training route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/temporary-work-government-authorised-exchange-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "BN(O)",
   "name": "Hong Kong British National (Overseas) visa",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For BN(O) status holders from Hong Kong and their family members who want to live, work and study in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£193 (30 months) / £268 (5 years); IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~12 weeks",
   "stay": "2.5 or 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work freely in almost any role, no sponsor needed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to settlement (ILR) after 5 years, then citizenship after a further year.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/hong-kong-british-national-overseas-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "EUSS",
   "name": "EU Settlement Scheme (settled and pre-settled status)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "For EU, EEA and Swiss citizens and their family members who were resident in the UK by the end of 2020.",
   "charge": "Free (no application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 weeks (longer for complex cases)",
   "stay": "Pre-settled (5 years) or settled status (indefinite)",
   "work_rights": "Work freely with no restrictions",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Settled status is permanent residence; leads to British citizenship after 12 months.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/eu-settlement-scheme-settled-and-pre-settled-status"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "ILR",
   "name": "Indefinite Leave to Remain (Settlement)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For people who have completed the qualifying period on an eligible route and want to settle permanently in the UK.",
   "charge": "~£3,029 per person",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks (priority options available)",
   "stay": "Indefinite (permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Work freely with no restrictions",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is permanent residence; opens the path to naturalisation as a British citizen.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/indefinite-leave-to-remain-settlement"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Naturalisation as a British citizen",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "For settled residents who meet the residence and good character requirements to become British citizens.",
   "charge": "~£1,605 application + ~£130 ceremony (~£1,735 total)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Work freely as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants full British citizenship, including a British passport and the right to vote.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/naturalisation-as-a-british-citizen"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum and refugee protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "For people in the UK who fear persecution in their home country and seek protection as a refugee.",
   "charge": "Free (no application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months to well over a year (varies widely)",
   "stay": "Usually 5 years' permission if granted, then settlement",
   "work_rights": "Generally not allowed while the claim is pending (limited exceptions)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Refugee or humanitarian protection leads to settlement (ILR), usually after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/asylum-and-refugee-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Domestic Worker",
   "name": "Domestic Worker in a Private Household visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For domestic workers accompanying their employer to the UK for a short visit.",
   "charge": "~£637 application; IHS ~£1,035/year",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months",
   "work_rights": "Domestic work in the employer's private household only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; tied to the visiting employer.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/domestic-worker-in-a-private-household-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Frontier Worker",
   "name": "Frontier Worker permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For EU, EEA or Swiss citizens who work in the UK but live mainly in another country.",
   "charge": "Free (no application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "5 years (2 years if recently unemployed), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work freely in the UK while living elsewhere",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to settlement; for cross-border workers retaining residence abroad.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/frontier-worker-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Investor (closed)",
   "name": "Tier 1 (Investor) visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For high-net-worth individuals investing in the UK; closed to new applicants since February 2022.",
   "charge": "Closed (was ~£1,623 plus £2m+ investment)",
   "processing_time": "Not applicable (route closed)",
   "stay": "Was 3 years 4 months, extendable",
   "work_rights": "Work was permitted, including self-employment",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Previously led to settlement; closed to new applicants in February 2022.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/tier-1-investor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Start-up (closed)",
   "name": "Start-up visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For early-stage entrepreneurs with an endorsed business idea; closed to new applicants and replaced by Innovator Founder.",
   "charge": "Closed (was ~£402 outside / £509 inside)",
   "processing_time": "Not applicable (route effectively closed)",
   "stay": "Was 2 years, non-extendable",
   "work_rights": "Work on your business plus other employment was allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Did not lead directly to settlement; intended to switch to Innovator Founder.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/start-up-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "uk",
   "country": "United Kingdom",
   "code": "Sole Rep (closed)",
   "name": "Representative of an Overseas Business visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For senior employees setting up a UK branch of an overseas company; closed and replaced by UK Expansion Worker.",
   "charge": "Closed (was ~£719)",
   "processing_time": "Not applicable (route closed)",
   "stay": "Was 3 years, extendable",
   "work_rights": "Work was for the sponsoring overseas business's UK branch",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Previously led to settlement after 5 years; closed in April 2022.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/uk/representative-of-an-overseas-business-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Express Entry",
   "name": "Express Entry (Economic Immigration System)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers who want permanent residence through one of Canada's three federal economic programs.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months after an invitation to apply",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights once PR is granted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Express Entry is itself the route to permanent residence and, after meeting residency, to citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/express-entry-economic-immigration-system"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "FSW",
   "name": "Federal Skilled Worker Program",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers with foreign work experience who want to immigrate permanently to Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months after an invitation to apply",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence directly; citizenship is available after meeting residency requirements.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/federal-skilled-worker-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "CEC",
   "name": "Canadian Experience Class",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "People with recent skilled work experience gained in Canada who want permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months after an invitation to apply",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence directly; a common route for graduates and temporary workers already in Canada.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/canadian-experience-class"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "FST",
   "name": "Federal Skilled Trades Program",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Qualified people in skilled trades (e.g. electricians, welders, chefs) seeking permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months after an invitation to apply",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence directly to qualified tradespeople.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/federal-skilled-trades-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "PNP",
   "name": "Provincial Nominee Program",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Workers nominated by a province or territory to meet local labour needs and become permanent residents.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 federal + provincial fee (free to ~CA$2,000 depending on province)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months (Express Entry stream) or ~11-13 months (base/paper stream)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "A provincial nomination leads directly to permanent residence; enhanced streams add 600 CRS points.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/provincial-nominee-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Quebec Skilled Worker",
   "name": "Quebec Skilled Worker Program (Arrima)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers selected by Quebec under its own points system to settle permanently in the province.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 federal + ~CA$888 Quebec selection fee",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months (Quebec CSQ plus federal processing)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "A Quebec Selection Certificate (CSQ) leads to federal permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/quebec-skilled-worker-program-arrima"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "PEQ",
   "name": "Quebec Experience Program (PEQ)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Quebec graduates and temporary workers already in the province who want permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 federal + ~CA$888 Quebec selection fee",
   "processing_time": "~6-18 months (Quebec CSQ plus federal processing)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A streamlined CSQ route for those with Quebec study or work experience leading to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/quebec-experience-program-peq"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "AIP",
   "name": "Atlantic Immigration Program",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers and graduates with a job offer from a designated employer in Atlantic Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Job-offer based; full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "An endorsed job offer plus a settlement plan leads directly to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/atlantic-immigration-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "RCIP",
   "name": "Rural Community Immigration Pilot",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers with a job offer in a participating rural community seeking permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Job-offer based; full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A community recommendation plus job offer leads directly to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/rural-community-immigration-pilot"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "FCIP",
   "name": "Francophone Community Immigration Pilot",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "French-speaking skilled workers with a job offer in a francophone minority community outside Quebec.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Job-offer based; full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Supports French-speaking newcomers settling outside Quebec on a direct path to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/francophone-community-immigration-pilot"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Home Care Worker",
   "name": "Home Care Worker Immigration Pilots",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Home child-care and home-support workers seeking permanent residence on arrival.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Work in a home care occupation",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Replaces older caregiver programs; offers permanent residence to eligible caregivers.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/home-care-worker-immigration-pilots"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Agri-Food",
   "name": "Agri-Food Pilot",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Experienced workers in meat processing, mushroom/greenhouse production and livestock seeking PR.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "Closed to new applications",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Work in an eligible agri-food occupation",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Offered permanent residence to experienced agri-food workers; the pilot has now ended.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/agri-food-pilot"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Start-up Visa",
   "name": "Start-up Visa Program",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Entrepreneurs with an innovative business idea backed by a designated Canadian investor or incubator.",
   "charge": "~CA$2,385 (CA$1,810 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~30-40 months (intake currently paused)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Run and work in your own start-up; work permit available while waiting",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Successful applicants and their team receive permanent residence directly.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/start-up-visa-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Self-Employed",
   "name": "Self-Employed Persons Program",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "People with relevant experience in cultural activities or athletics who can be self-employed in Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$2,470 (CA$1,895 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "Paused until further notice",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in cultural or athletic fields",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Granted permanent residence to qualifying self-employed artists and athletes; intake is paused.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/self-employed-persons-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Study Permit",
   "name": "Study Permit",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students accepted to a Canadian designated learning institution.",
   "charge": "~CA$150 (plus ~CA$85 biometrics)",
   "processing_time": "~2 months (varies widely by country)",
   "stay": "Length of the study programme (plus a short grace period)",
   "work_rights": "Up to 24 hours/week off-campus during terms; on-campus allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR, but graduates can use the PGWP and then Express Entry (CEC) or a PNP.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/study-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "PGWP",
   "name": "Post-Graduation Work Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates of eligible Canadian programs who want Canadian work experience after studying.",
   "charge": "~CA$255 (CA$155 work permit + CA$100 open work permit holder fee)",
   "processing_time": "~3-4 months (inside Canada)",
   "stay": "From 8 months up to 3 years, based on the programme length",
   "work_rights": "Open work permit (work for almost any employer)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Canadian work experience on a PGWP is a key route to PR via the CEC or a PNP.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/post-graduation-work-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "LMIA Work Permit",
   "name": "Employer-Specific Work Permit (LMIA / TFWP)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign workers with a Canadian job offer supported by a Labour Market Impact Assessment.",
   "charge": "~CA$155 (employer pays the CA$1,000 LMIA fee)",
   "processing_time": "~2 months (outside) or ~120 days (inside Canada)",
   "stay": "Usually tied to the job offer / LMIA (often 1-3 years)",
   "work_rights": "Employer-specific (work only for the named employer)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Skilled LMIA work can build CEC experience and adds CRS points toward Express Entry PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/employer-specific-work-permit-lmia-tfwp"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "IMP Work Permit",
   "name": "LMIA-Exempt Work Permit (International Mobility Program)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign workers whose job is LMIA-exempt under trade deals or Canadian-interest categories.",
   "charge": "~CA$155 (employer pays a CA$230 compliance fee)",
   "processing_time": "~2 months (varies by category)",
   "stay": "Varies by category (often 1-3 years)",
   "work_rights": "Employer-specific or open, depending on the category",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Skilled IMP work builds CEC experience and CRS points toward Express Entry PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/lmia-exempt-work-permit-international-mobility-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "ICT",
   "name": "Intra-Company Transfer Work Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Executives, managers or specialized-knowledge staff transferring to a Canadian branch of their employer.",
   "charge": "~CA$155 (employer pays a CA$230 compliance fee)",
   "processing_time": "~2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 5-7 years (specialized knowledge 5; executives/managers 7)",
   "work_rights": "Employer-specific (the Canadian entity)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time in a senior or specialized role can lead to PR through Express Entry or a PNP.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/intra-company-transfer-work-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "IEC",
   "name": "International Experience Canada (Working Holiday)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people from countries with a youth-mobility agreement who want to travel and work in Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$172 participation fee + ~CA$100 open work permit holder fee",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks after invitation (plus pool wait)",
   "stay": "12 to 24 months depending on nationality",
   "work_rights": "Open work permit (Working Holiday); work for most employers",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR, but Canadian work gained can support a later CEC or PNP application.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/international-experience-canada-working-holiday"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Spousal Sponsorship",
   "name": "Spouse or Common-Law Partner Sponsorship",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Spouses, common-law or conjugal partners of a Canadian citizen or permanent resident.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,205 (sponsorship + processing + CA$575 RPRF), plus ~CA$85 biometrics",
   "processing_time": "~12 months (outland) or ~28 months (inland outside Quebec)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights once PR is granted (open work permit possible inland)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence directly to the sponsored partner.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/spouse-or-common-law-partner-sponsorship"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Child Sponsorship",
   "name": "Dependent Child Sponsorship",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Canadian citizens or permanent residents sponsoring their dependent children for PR.",
   "charge": "~CA$165 (CA$85 sponsorship + CA$80 processing; no RPRF for children)",
   "processing_time": "~12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Work rights once of age and PR is granted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence directly to the dependent child.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/dependent-child-sponsorship"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "PGP",
   "name": "Parents and Grandparents Program",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Canadians and permanent residents sponsoring their parents or grandparents for permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,205 (sponsorship + processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~24-36 months",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights once PR is granted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence directly to sponsored parents and grandparents.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/parents-and-grandparents-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Super Visa",
   "name": "Super Visa (Parents and Grandparents)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Parents and grandparents of Canadians who want long, multiple-entry visits without sponsorship.",
   "charge": "~CA$100 (visa) + ~CA$85 biometrics; plus mandatory medical insurance",
   "processing_time": "Varies by visa office (weeks to a few months)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years per entry; valid up to 10 years",
   "work_rights": "No",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No PR; it is a long-stay visitor option as an alternative to PGP sponsorship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/super-visa-parents-and-grandparents"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "TRV",
   "name": "Visitor Visa (Temporary Resident Visa)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visa-required nationals visiting Canada for tourism, family or short business.",
   "charge": "~CA$100 (plus ~CA$85 biometrics)",
   "processing_time": "Varies widely by country (weeks to a few months)",
   "stay": "Usually up to 6 months per entry",
   "work_rights": "No",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No PR; visitors must apply under a separate immigration program to settle.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/visitor-visa-temporary-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "eTA",
   "name": "Electronic Travel Authorization",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visa-exempt foreign nationals flying to or transiting through Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$7",
   "processing_time": "Often minutes; occasionally a few days",
   "stay": "Usually up to 6 months per entry; valid up to 5 years",
   "work_rights": "No",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No PR; it is travel authorization only, not an immigration status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/electronic-travel-authorization"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "TRP",
   "name": "Temporary Resident Permit",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who are inadmissible but have a compelling reason to enter or stay in Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$239",
   "processing_time": "Varies (case-by-case discretionary decision)",
   "stay": "From one day up to 3 years, at the officer's discretion",
   "work_rights": "Possible if a work permit is also issued",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR, but long-term permit holders may later apply for criminal rehabilitation or PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/temporary-resident-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Refugee Protection / Asylum Claim",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "People in or arriving in Canada who fear persecution or face risk if returned home.",
   "charge": "No government fee to claim asylum",
   "processing_time": "Varies; often many months to a few years",
   "stay": "Until the claim is decided; protected persons can become PR",
   "work_rights": "Open work permit available while the claim is processed",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Accepted refugees and protected persons can apply for permanent residence and later citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/refugee-protection-asylum-claim"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "PSR",
   "name": "Privately Sponsored Refugees / Resettlement",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Refugees abroad resettled to Canada by the government, private sponsors or both.",
   "charge": "No processing fee; sponsors cover settlement costs",
   "processing_time": "Varies by program and region (often 1-3 years)",
   "stay": "Permanent (arrive as permanent residents)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Resettled refugees arrive as permanent residents and can later become citizens.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/privately-sponsored-refugees-resettlement"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "H&C",
   "name": "Humanitarian and Compassionate Application",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "People without another route who have exceptional humanitarian grounds to stay in Canada.",
   "charge": "~CA$1,525 (CA$950 processing + CA$575 RPRF)",
   "processing_time": "~24-36 months",
   "stay": "Permanent if approved",
   "work_rights": "Work rights once PR is granted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A successful H&C application leads to permanent residence on discretionary grounds.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/humanitarian-and-compassionate-application"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "PR Card",
   "name": "Permanent Resident Card",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "Permanent residents who need to prove their status and re-enter Canada by commercial transport.",
   "charge": "~CA$50",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months for a first card; renewals can take longer",
   "stay": "Card valid 5 years (status is ongoing)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights (as a permanent resident)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confirms existing PR status; maintaining residency days leads to citizenship eligibility.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/permanent-resident-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ca",
   "country": "Canada",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Canadian Citizenship (Grant)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Permanent residents who have lived in Canada long enough to naturalize as citizens.",
   "charge": "~CA$630 (CA$530 processing + CA$100 right of citizenship)",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship for life)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "The final step: permanent residents naturalize to become Canadian citizens.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ca/canadian-citizenship-grant"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "B-1/B-2",
   "name": "B-1/B-2 Visitor Visa (Business/Tourism)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For people visiting the US temporarily for business (B-1) or tourism, pleasure or medical treatment (B-2).",
   "charge": "~US$185 (MRV application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks to several months depending on consulate wait times",
   "stay": "Usually up to 6 months per entry (visa valid up to 10 years for many nationalities)",
   "work_rights": "No employment in the US (B-1 allows limited business activities only)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path to a green card; a separate immigrant petition would be required.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/b-1-b-2-visitor-visa-business-tourism"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "ESTA/VWP",
   "name": "Visa Waiver Program (ESTA)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For citizens of Visa Waiver Program countries travelling for tourism or business for up to 90 days without a visa.",
   "charge": "~US$21 (ESTA authorization fee)",
   "processing_time": "~Usually within 72 hours (apply at least 72 hours before travel)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days per entry, no extensions",
   "work_rights": "No employment (limited business activities only)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to a green card; not a visa and cannot be extended or adjusted in most cases.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/visa-waiver-program-esta"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "F-1",
   "name": "F-1 Academic Student Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For international students enrolled full-time in an accredited US academic institution or language program.",
   "charge": "~US$185 visa fee plus US$350 SEVIS I-901 fee",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks to a few months (consular wait dependent)",
   "stay": "Duration of study program plus optional practical training",
   "work_rights": "On-campus work limited; OPT/CPT employment with authorization",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card; many transition via employment (H-1B then EB sponsorship) or family.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/f-1-academic-student-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "M-1",
   "name": "M-1 Vocational Student Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For students pursuing non-academic or vocational study at a US institution, such as technical or trade schools.",
   "charge": "~US$185 visa fee plus US$350 SEVIS I-901 fee",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks to a few months (consular wait dependent)",
   "stay": "Duration of vocational program (generally up to 1 year, extendable to 3)",
   "work_rights": "No employment except limited post-completion practical training",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; would require a separate immigrant petition.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/m-1-vocational-student-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "J-1",
   "name": "J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For approved exchange program participants such as scholars, researchers, au pairs, interns, trainees and camp counselors.",
   "charge": "~US$185 visa fee plus US$220 SEVIS I-901 fee",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks to a few months (consular wait dependent)",
   "stay": "Length of the exchange program (a few weeks to several years)",
   "work_rights": "Employment only as authorized by the program category",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card; some categories carry a 2-year home-residency requirement before changing status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/j-1-exchange-visitor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "H-1B",
   "name": "H-1B Specialty Occupation Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For professionals in specialty occupations requiring at least a bachelor's degree, sponsored by a US employer.",
   "charge": "~US$780 base I-129 petition fee plus US$215 registration and ACWIA, fraud and Asylum Program fees (employer-paid)",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, extendable to 6 years (longer with a pending green card)",
   "work_rights": "Employment only for the petitioning employer in the named role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Dual intent allowed; common route to a green card via employer PERM/EB-2 or EB-3 sponsorship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/h-1b-specialty-occupation-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "H-2A",
   "name": "H-2A Temporary Agricultural Worker Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For seasonal or temporary agricultural workers filling jobs no US workers are available to fill.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,090 I-129 petition fee plus labor certification costs",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks once labor certification is approved",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year, extendable in increments up to a maximum of 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal agricultural work for the petitioning employer only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; intended as temporary seasonal labor.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/h-2a-temporary-agricultural-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "H-2B",
   "name": "H-2B Temporary Non-Agricultural Worker Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For temporary or seasonal non-agricultural workers, such as hospitality, landscaping or construction labor.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,080 I-129 petition fee plus labor certification costs",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks once labor certification is approved (cap subject)",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year, extendable in increments up to a maximum of 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Temporary non-agricultural work for the petitioning employer only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; intended as temporary seasonal labor.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/h-2b-temporary-non-agricultural-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "H-3",
   "name": "H-3 Trainee Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For trainees receiving training not available in their home country, or special education exchange visitors.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,055 I-129 petition fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; faster with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (18 months for special education exchange)",
   "work_rights": "Training only; productive employment must be incidental",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; designed as a temporary training visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/h-3-trainee-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "L-1A",
   "name": "L-1A Intracompany Transferee (Manager/Executive)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For managers or executives transferring from a related foreign company to a US branch, affiliate or subsidiary.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,385 I-129 petition fee plus US$500 fraud fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (1 year for new offices), extendable to a maximum of 7 years",
   "work_rights": "Managerial or executive work for the petitioning US entity only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Dual intent allowed; aligns closely with the EB-1C multinational manager green card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/l-1a-intracompany-transferee-manager-executive"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "L-1B",
   "name": "L-1B Intracompany Transferee (Specialized Knowledge)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For employees with specialized knowledge transferring from a related foreign company to a US entity.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,385 I-129 petition fee plus US$500 fraud fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (1 year for new offices), extendable to a maximum of 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Specialized-knowledge work for the petitioning US entity only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Dual intent allowed; commonly leads to a green card via EB-2 or EB-3 sponsorship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/l-1b-intracompany-transferee-specialized-knowledge"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "O-1",
   "name": "O-1 Extraordinary Ability Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For individuals with extraordinary ability in science, arts, education, business, athletics, film or television.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,055 I-129 petition fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years initially, extendable in 1-year increments",
   "work_rights": "Work in the field of extraordinary ability for the petitioner/agent",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Dual intent tolerated; closely tied to the EB-1A extraordinary ability green card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/o-1-extraordinary-ability-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "P-1",
   "name": "P-1 Athlete or Entertainment Group Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For internationally recognized athletes and members of internationally recognized entertainment groups.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,055 I-129 petition fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Athletes up to 5 years (extendable to 10); groups up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Perform or compete for the petitioning employer/sponsor only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; some transition via EB-1 extraordinary ability.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/p-1-athlete-or-entertainment-group-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "P-2",
   "name": "P-2 Reciprocal Exchange Artist Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For artists or entertainers performing under a reciprocal exchange program between US and foreign organizations.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; sponsor pays US$1,055 I-129 petition fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Time needed to complete the event or performance, up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Perform under the reciprocal exchange program only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/p-2-reciprocal-exchange-artist-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "P-3",
   "name": "P-3 Culturally Unique Artist Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For artists or entertainers coming to perform, teach or coach under a culturally unique program.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; sponsor pays US$1,055 I-129 petition fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months; ~15 days with US$2,805 premium processing",
   "stay": "Time needed to complete the event or performance, up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Perform, teach or coach within the culturally unique program only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/p-3-culturally-unique-artist-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "E-1",
   "name": "E-1 Treaty Trader Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For nationals of treaty countries carrying on substantial international trade between the US and their country.",
   "charge": "~US$315 visa fee (E category)",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks to a few months (consular dependent)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years per entry, renewable indefinitely while trade continues",
   "work_rights": "Work for the treaty trade enterprise only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; renewable but does not lead to permanent residence by itself.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/e-1-treaty-trader-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "E-2",
   "name": "E-2 Treaty Investor Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For nationals of treaty countries investing a substantial amount of capital in a US business they will direct.",
   "charge": "~US$315 visa fee (E category)",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks to a few months (consular dependent)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years per entry, renewable indefinitely while the business operates",
   "work_rights": "Work for the treaty investment enterprise only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct green card route; some investors later pursue EB-5 or other immigrant categories.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/e-2-treaty-investor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "E-3",
   "name": "E-3 Specialty Occupation Visa (Australians)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For Australian nationals coming to perform services in a specialty occupation requiring a degree.",
   "charge": "~US$315 visa fee (E category); employer files a Labor Condition Application",
   "processing_time": "~Weeks (often faster than H-1B; no annual lottery)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years per entry, renewable indefinitely",
   "work_rights": "Specialty-occupation work for the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No dual intent by design; a green card requires a separate employer or family petition.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/e-3-specialty-occupation-visa-australians"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "TN",
   "name": "TN USMCA Professional Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For Canadian and Mexican professionals in qualifying occupations under the USMCA agreement.",
   "charge": "~US$56 application at a port of entry (Canadians); ~US$185 visa fee for Mexicans",
   "processing_time": "~Same day at the border for Canadians; weeks for Mexican consular applicants",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years per entry, renewable indefinitely",
   "work_rights": "Work for the sponsoring employer in a listed profession",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No dual intent; pursuing a green card requires switching to a dual-intent category.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/tn-usmca-professional-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "R-1",
   "name": "R-1 Religious Worker Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For ministers and religious workers coming to work for a US non-profit religious organization.",
   "charge": "~US$205 visa fee; employer pays US$1,055 I-129 petition fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several months (mandatory site inspection; no premium processing)",
   "stay": "Up to 30 months initially, extendable to a maximum of 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Religious vocation or occupation for the petitioning organization",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "May lead to a green card through the EB-4 special immigrant religious worker category.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/r-1-religious-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "EB-1",
   "name": "EB-1 Priority Worker Green Card",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For priority workers: people of extraordinary ability, outstanding professors/researchers, and multinational managers.",
   "charge": "~US$715 I-140 petition fee plus US$1,440 I-485 (or US$235 immigrant fee abroad)",
   "processing_time": "~8-18 months (faster if priority date is current; premium processing on I-140)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/eb-1-priority-worker-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "EB-2",
   "name": "EB-2 Advanced Degree / NIW Green Card",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For professionals with advanced degrees or exceptional ability, including those seeking a National Interest Waiver.",
   "charge": "~US$715 I-140 fee plus US$1,440 I-485; PERM cases add employer labor-certification costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years including PERM (longer where priority dates are backlogged)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/eb-2-advanced-degree-niw-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "EB-3",
   "name": "EB-3 Skilled Worker Green Card",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For skilled workers, professionals with a degree, and certain other (unskilled) workers with a US job offer.",
   "charge": "~US$715 I-140 fee plus US$1,440 I-485; employer pays PERM labor-certification costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 years including PERM (longer where priority dates are backlogged)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/eb-3-skilled-worker-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "EB-4",
   "name": "EB-4 Special Immigrant Green Card",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For special immigrants such as religious workers, certain government employees, and special immigrant juveniles.",
   "charge": "~US$1,015 I-360 petition fee plus US$1,440 I-485 (varies by subcategory)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years (subject to priority date availability and backlogs)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/eb-4-special-immigrant-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "EB-5",
   "name": "EB-5 Immigrant Investor Green Card",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For investors who invest a substantial amount in a US enterprise that creates at least 10 US jobs.",
   "charge": "~US$11,160 I-526 petition fee plus US$1,440 I-485; minimum investment US$1,050,000 (US$800,000 in targeted areas)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 years (varies by petition volume and priority dates)",
   "stay": "Permanent (conditional green card first, then permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants a 2-year conditional green card; file I-829 to remove conditions, then citizenship after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/eb-5-immigrant-investor-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "IR-1/CR-1",
   "name": "IR-1/CR-1 Spouse of US Citizen Green Card",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For the foreign spouse of a US citizen immigrating to live permanently in the United States.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-130 petition plus US$325 immigrant visa fee and US$235 USCIS immigrant fee (or US$1,440 I-485 if adjusting)",
   "processing_time": "~12-18 months (varies by service center and consulate)",
   "stay": "Permanent (CR-1 conditional if married under 2 years; IR-1 if over 2 years)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; spouse can naturalize after 3 years if still married to the US citizen.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/ir-1-cr-1-spouse-of-us-citizen-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "K-1",
   "name": "K-1 Fiancé(e) Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For the foreign fiancé(e) of a US citizen entering to marry within 90 days of arrival.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-129F petition fee plus US$265 K visa application fee",
   "processing_time": "~10-16 months from petition to visa issuance",
   "stay": "Single entry; must marry within 90 days then adjust status",
   "work_rights": "May apply for work authorization after arrival",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After marriage, file I-485 to adjust to permanent residence; leads to a green card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/k-1-fianc-e-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "IR-5",
   "name": "IR-5 Parent of US Citizen Green Card",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For the parent of a US citizen who is aged 21 or older sponsoring them to immigrate.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-130 petition plus US$325 immigrant visa fee and US$235 USCIS immigrant fee (or US$1,440 I-485 if adjusting)",
   "processing_time": "~12-18 months (no annual cap as an immediate relative)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; parent may naturalize after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/ir-5-parent-of-us-citizen-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "F1",
   "name": "Family First Preference (F1) Green Card",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For unmarried sons and daughters (aged 21+) of US citizens immigrating through family sponsorship.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-130 petition plus US$325 immigrant visa fee and US$235 USCIS immigrant fee",
   "processing_time": "~Several years (capped category with long priority-date waits)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/family-first-preference-f1-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "F2A",
   "name": "Family Second Preference 2A (F2A) Green Card",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For spouses and unmarried children (under 21) of US lawful permanent residents.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-130 petition plus US$325 immigrant visa fee and US$235 USCIS immigrant fee",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years (shortest of the family preference categories)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/family-second-preference-2a-f2a-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "F3",
   "name": "Family Third Preference (F3) Green Card",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For married sons and daughters of US citizens, with their spouses and children.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-130 petition plus US$325 immigrant visa fee and US$235 USCIS immigrant fee",
   "processing_time": "~Many years (long capped backlog)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/family-third-preference-f3-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "F4",
   "name": "Family Fourth Preference (F4) Green Card",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For brothers and sisters of adult US citizens, with their spouses and children.",
   "charge": "~US$675 I-130 petition plus US$325 immigrant visa fee and US$235 USCIS immigrant fee",
   "processing_time": "~Many years (one of the longest backlogs)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/family-fourth-preference-f4-green-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "DV Lottery",
   "name": "Diversity Immigrant Visa (Green Card Lottery)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For nationals of countries with low rates of immigration to the US, selected by random lottery.",
   "charge": "Free to enter the lottery; ~US$330 DV fee plus US$235 USCIS immigrant fee if selected",
   "processing_time": "~Within the program year (must complete before visas run out)",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization as a permanent resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is itself a green card; leads to citizenship after 5 years as a permanent resident.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/diversity-immigrant-visa-green-card-lottery"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum in the United States",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "For people already in the US or at a port of entry who fear persecution in their home country.",
   "charge": "Generally no fee for the I-589 asylum application",
   "processing_time": "~Months to several years given large case backlogs",
   "stay": "Indefinite asylee status; can apply for a green card after 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Work authorization available after a waiting period",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Asylees may apply for a green card 1 year after grant, then citizenship later.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/asylum-in-the-united-states"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "Refugee",
   "name": "US Refugee Admissions Program",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "For people outside the US who are referred for resettlement because they fear persecution at home.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years or more for screening and security checks",
   "stay": "Indefinite refugee status; must apply for a green card after 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Work authorization on arrival in the US",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Refugees must apply for a green card 1 year after admission, then citizenship later.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/us-refugee-admissions-program"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "U Visa",
   "name": "U Nonimmigrant Visa (Crime Victims)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For victims of qualifying crimes who have suffered abuse and assist law enforcement.",
   "charge": "No fee for the I-918 petition (waivers available for related forms)",
   "processing_time": "~Several years due to the annual cap and waiting list",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years; green card eligible after 3 years in U status",
   "work_rights": "Work authorization granted with U status",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "May apply for a green card after 3 years of continuous U status presence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/u-nonimmigrant-visa-crime-victims"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "T Visa",
   "name": "T Nonimmigrant Visa (Trafficking Victims)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For victims of human trafficking who are in the US as a result and assist in investigations.",
   "charge": "No fee for the I-914 application (waivers available for related forms)",
   "processing_time": "~Many months to a few years",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years; green card eligible after 3 years (or sooner if the case concludes)",
   "work_rights": "Work authorization granted with T status",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "May apply for a green card after 3 years of T status (or earlier in some cases).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/t-nonimmigrant-visa-trafficking-victims"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "Green Card",
   "name": "Adjustment of Status (Green Card in the US)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For eligible people already in the US who apply to become lawful permanent residents without leaving.",
   "charge": "~US$1,440 I-485 application fee (often includes work and travel permits)",
   "processing_time": "~8-14 months depending on category and field office",
   "stay": "Permanent (green card)",
   "work_rights": "Full work authorization (interim EAD available while pending)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants lawful permanent residence; leads to citizenship after 3 or 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/adjustment-of-status-green-card-in-the-us"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "us",
   "country": "United States",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "US Naturalization (Citizenship)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "For lawful permanent residents who meet residence and other requirements to become US citizens.",
   "charge": "~US$760 N-400 filing fee (US$710 if filed online)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months from filing to oath ceremony",
   "stay": "Permanent (US citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is the final step: confers US citizenship, including the right to a US passport and to vote.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/us/us-naturalization-citizenship"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "TTOL",
   "name": "Residence permit for an employed person (TTOL)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers with a Finnish job offer in roles that require a labour market test by the TE Office.",
   "charge": "~€590 online (~€750 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 2 months)",
   "stay": "Usually 1 year, tied to the job/sector",
   "work_rights": "Work only in the field/occupation stated in the permit",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years on continuous (A) permits count towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-an-employed-person-ttol"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Specialist",
   "name": "Residence permit for a person employed as a specialist",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly skilled experts with a degree or special expertise and an above-threshold salary.",
   "charge": "~€480 online (~€580 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks (up to 2 months)",
   "stay": "Up to the duration of work, commonly 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Work as a specialist; no labour market test",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Fast-track route; 4 years of continuous residence leads to a permanent permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-a-person-employed-as-a-specialist"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "EU Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card (highly qualified employment)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified non-EU professionals with a higher qualification and a qualifying salary.",
   "charge": "~€480 online (~€580 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks (up to 2 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Highly qualified employment; EU mobility after 12 months",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on a Blue Card counts towards permanent residence and EU long-term resident status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/eu-blue-card-highly-qualified-employment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "ICT",
   "name": "Residence permit for an intra-corporate transferee (ICT)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Managers, specialists or trainees transferred within a company from outside the EU to its Finnish branch.",
   "charge": "~€480 online (~€580 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 2 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (managers/specialists); up to 1 year (trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the host entity in the transfer role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary status; ICT time does not by itself build towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-an-intra-corporate-transferee-ict"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Seasonal Permit",
   "name": "Residence permit for seasonal work",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers in seasonal sectors (e.g. agriculture, tourism) staying longer than 90 days.",
   "charge": "~€450 online (~€550 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Over 3 months up to 9 months in any 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal work in a listed sector only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Strictly seasonal and time-limited; does not lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-seasonal-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Seasonal Cert.",
   "name": "Certificate for seasonal work",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visa-exempt nationals coming for up to 90 days of seasonal work who need proof of the right to work.",
   "charge": "~€160 online (~€260 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~10 days (expedited)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days within seasonal work",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal work for up to 90 days",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Short-term only; no route to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/certificate-for-seasonal-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Entrepreneur",
   "name": "Residence permit for an entrepreneur (self-employment)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People running their own business or working as a self-employed/light entrepreneur in Finland.",
   "charge": "~€550 online (~€700 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 2 months)",
   "stay": "Usually 1 year, then renewable",
   "work_rights": "Run and work in your own business",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous entrepreneur permits count towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-an-entrepreneur-self-employment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Startup",
   "name": "Residence permit for a start-up entrepreneur",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Founders of an innovative, scalable startup with a positive Business Finland eligibility statement.",
   "charge": "~€650 online (~€800 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks after the Business Finland statement",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Build and run the startup",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous residence builds towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-a-start-up-entrepreneur"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Own Means",
   "name": "Residence permit for a person of independent means",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who can support themselves with their own income or assets without working in Finland.",
   "charge": "~€490 online (paper higher)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Usually 1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Not for employment in Finland",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous residence can build towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-a-person-of-independent-means"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Residence permit application for studies",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Students admitted to a Finnish higher education institution or other eligible studies.",
   "charge": "~€450 online (~€550 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years at a time, for the duration of studies",
   "work_rights": "Work up to 30 hours per week on average",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study years count at half rate, but a post-study job and work permit lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-application-for-studies"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Job-seeker",
   "name": "Residence permit to look for work or start a business (graduates/researchers)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates and researchers who completed a degree or research in Finland and want to find work or set up a business.",
   "charge": "~€230 online (paper higher)",
   "processing_time": "~1 month",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (usable within 5 years of graduating)",
   "work_rights": "Work without restriction while searching",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Bridges study to a work permit, which then builds towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-to-look-for-work-or-start-a-business-graduates-researchers"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Residence permit for a researcher",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers with a hosting agreement from a Finnish research organisation.",
   "charge": "~€480 online (~€580 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 2 months)",
   "stay": "For the duration of the research project",
   "work_rights": "Research and related teaching",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous residence counts towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-a-researcher"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Residence permit for an au pair",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people (17-30) living with a Finnish host family to learn the language and culture.",
   "charge": "~€490 online (paper higher)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (not renewable as au pair)",
   "work_rights": "Light family duties up to 25 hours per week",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Cultural-exchange permit; does not lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-for-an-au-pair"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working Holiday residence permit",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people from agreement countries combining a holiday with incidental work in Finland.",
   "charge": "~€490 online (paper higher)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Incidental work to fund the trip (per agreement limits)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "One-off holiday permit; does not lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/working-holiday-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Family - Spouse",
   "name": "Residence permit on the basis of family ties (spouse or partner)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, registered partners and cohabiting partners of a person living in Finland.",
   "charge": "~€470 online (~€550 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "Varies (backlog); statutory maximum 9 months",
   "stay": "Matched to the sponsor, usually 1-4 years",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted right to work",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous family-based residence counts towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-on-the-basis-of-family-ties-spouse-or-partner"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Family - Child",
   "name": "Residence permit on the basis of family ties (child)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Minor children joining a parent who lives in Finland.",
   "charge": "~€280 online for a child (paper higher)",
   "processing_time": "Varies (backlog); statutory maximum 9 months",
   "stay": "Matched to the parent/sponsor",
   "work_rights": "Per age; minors as permitted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous residence counts towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-on-the-basis-of-family-ties-child"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Family - Other",
   "name": "Residence permit on the basis of family ties (other relative)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Other close relatives, such as a Finnish citizen's dependent parent, in limited circumstances.",
   "charge": "~€470 online (~€550 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "Varies (backlog); statutory maximum 9 months",
   "stay": "Matched to the sponsor",
   "work_rights": "Usually allowed",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous residence counts towards a permanent permit after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-permit-on-the-basis-of-family-ties-other-relative"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "EU Registration",
   "name": "Registration of an EU citizen's right of residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Registration",
   "who_for": "EU/EEA and Swiss citizens staying in Finland for more than three months.",
   "charge": "~€53",
   "processing_time": "~1 month",
   "stay": "Indefinite while conditions are met",
   "work_rights": "Full right to work",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of residence an EU citizen acquires a permanent right of residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/registration-of-an-eu-citizen-s-right-of-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "EU Family Card",
   "name": "Residence card for a family member of an EU citizen",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU family members of an EU/EEA citizen exercising free movement in Finland.",
   "charge": "~€53",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, matched to the EU sponsor",
   "work_rights": "Full right to work",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years a permanent residence card can be issued.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/residence-card-for-a-family-member-of-an-eu-citizen"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen short-stay visa (visitor)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visitors coming for tourism, family visits or business for up to 90 days in 180.",
   "charge": "~€90 (~€45 for children 6-12)",
   "processing_time": "~15 calendar days (up to 45)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days within any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Short-stay visa only; no route to residence or permanence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/schengen-short-stay-visa-visitor"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "D Visa",
   "name": "Long-stay national (D) visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Long-stay visa",
   "who_for": "Permit holders (specialists, startup founders, students, researchers and their families) who want to enter Finland fast.",
   "charge": "~€120",
   "processing_time": "Issued with/after the residence permit decision",
   "stay": "Travel and entry alongside a granted residence permit",
   "work_rights": "As allowed by the underlying residence permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "An entry facilitation tool; permanence depends on the underlying permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/long-stay-national-d-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Type P",
   "name": "Permanent residence permit (P)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Residents who have lived in Finland for four years on continuous (A) permits.",
   "charge": "~€240 online (~€350 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~2-13 months depending on case",
   "stay": "Permanent (card renewed periodically)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted right to work",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is the permanent permit; it can later support a citizenship application.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/permanent-residence-permit-p"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "P-EU",
   "name": "EU long-term resident's residence permit (P-EU)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who want EU-wide long-term resident status with mobility rights.",
   "charge": "~€240 online (~€350 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~2-13 months depending on case",
   "stay": "Permanent (with EU mobility rights)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted right to work",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers permanent status in Finland plus easier relocation within the EU.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/eu-long-term-resident-s-residence-permit-p-eu"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Finnish citizenship by naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who meet the residence, language and integrity requirements for naturalisation.",
   "charge": "~€520 online (~€600 on paper)",
   "processing_time": "~12-18 months (varies)",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Naturalisation confers Finnish (and EU) citizenship; dual citizenship is allowed.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/finnish-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum / international protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People seeking refuge in Finland because of persecution or serious harm in their home country.",
   "charge": "Free (no application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months or longer",
   "stay": "Typically 3-4 years if protection is granted, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Right to work after a waiting period while seeking asylum",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous residence on protection can lead to a permanent permit and later citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/asylum-international-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fi",
   "country": "Finland",
   "code": "Temp. Protection",
   "name": "Temporary protection (e.g. for displaced persons from Ukraine)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary protection",
   "who_for": "People fleeing mass displacement (notably from Ukraine) who receive temporary protection in the EU/Finland.",
   "charge": "Free (no application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~Days to a few weeks",
   "stay": "For the EU-defined temporary protection period",
   "work_rights": "Right to work during temporary protection",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After continuous residence, holders may apply for an ordinary residence permit and accrue time towards permanence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fi/temporary-protection-e-g-for-displaced-persons-from-ukraine"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Travellers visiting Germany for tourism, family visits or business for up to 90 days.",
   "charge": "~€90 (adults); ~€45 (children 6-11)",
   "processing_time": "~15 calendar days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to permanent residence; purely a temporary visit visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "National D",
   "name": "National (D) Long-Stay Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Long-stay entry visa",
   "who_for": "Anyone entering Germany for a stay longer than 90 days for work, study, training or family.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~4-12 weeks (varies by purpose)",
   "stay": "Usually 3-12 months until converted to a residence permit",
   "work_rights": "Depends on underlying purpose",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Converted into a residence permit after arrival, which can lead to settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/national-d-long-stay-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "EU Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card (Blaue Karte EU)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "University-educated professionals with a qualifying German job offer and salary.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (or contract length plus 3 months)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights with the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Settlement permit after 27 months, or 21 months with B1 German (33/27 from June 2024 rules vary).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/eu-blue-card-blaue-karte-eu"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Skilled Worker",
   "name": "Skilled Worker Visa (Fachkräfte, §18a/§18b)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Qualified professionals with a recognised degree or vocational qualification and a job offer.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit); ~€75 entry visa",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months (faster via accelerated procedure)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (typically contract length)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for qualified employment",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Settlement permit after 3 years (or sooner with integration), leading to citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/skilled-worker-visa-fachkr-fte-18a-18b"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Experience Route",
   "name": "Skilled Worker with Work Experience (§19c(2))",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Professionals with vocational/academic training and proven experience, without full recognition.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for qualifying non-regulated jobs",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward settlement permit on the skilled-worker timeline.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/skilled-worker-with-work-experience-19c-2"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Recognition Partner",
   "name": "Recognition Partnership Visa (Anerkennungspartnerschaft)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers who start a job and complete qualification recognition in Germany.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (extendable to 3)",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted while pursuing recognition",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to a full skilled-worker permit once recognition completes.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/recognition-partnership-visa-anerkennungspartnerschaft"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Chancenkarte",
   "name": "Opportunity Card (Chancenkarte)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Skilled jobseekers who score enough points to look for qualified work in Germany.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (extendable up to 2)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work (20 hrs/week) and trial jobs while searching",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Switch to a skilled-worker permit or Blue Card once you find qualifying work.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/opportunity-card-chancenkarte"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Job Seeker",
   "name": "Job Seeker Visa for Qualified Professionals",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Degree-holders who want to enter Germany to look for skilled employment.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months",
   "work_rights": "No work during the search (trial work limited)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Convert to a skilled-worker permit or Blue Card after finding a job.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/job-seeker-visa-for-qualified-professionals"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Student Visa (Studienvisum)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students admitted to a German university or higher education programme.",
   "charge": "~€75 (visa); ~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Programme length (permit usually 1-2 years, renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Up to 140 full / 280 half days per year part-time",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Switch to a graduate job-search permit, then skilled work toward settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/student-visa-studienvisum"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Applicant",
   "name": "Student Applicant Visa (Studienbewerbervisum)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Prospective students who must apply to or prepare for a German university in country.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 9 months (extendable to attend a preparatory course)",
   "work_rights": "Limited; mainly preparation and applications",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Converts to a student visa once admission is secured.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/student-applicant-visa-studienbewerbervisum"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Language",
   "name": "Language Course Visa (Sprachkursvisum)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People attending an intensive German language course in Germany.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~6-10 weeks",
   "stay": "3-12 months for the course",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; cannot usually convert in-country to study/work.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/language-course-visa-sprachkursvisum"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Ausbildung",
   "name": "Vocational Training Visa (Berufsausbildung)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People undertaking recognised company-based or school vocational training in Germany.",
   "charge": "~€75 (visa); ~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the training (2-3.5 years typically)",
   "work_rights": "Training role plus up to 20 hrs/week unrelated work",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Stay on as a skilled worker after qualifying, leading to settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/vocational-training-visa-berufsausbildung"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Training Search",
   "name": "Visa to Seek a Vocational Training Place",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people who want to come to Germany to look for an apprenticeship.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~6-10 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 9 months",
   "work_rights": "Up to 20 hrs/week part-time while searching",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Converts to a vocational training visa once a place is secured.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/visa-to-seek-a-vocational-training-place"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Grad Search",
   "name": "Post-Study Job Search Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates of German universities staying on to find work matching their degree.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 18 months",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work allowed while searching",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Switch to a skilled-worker permit or Blue Card, counting toward settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/post-study-job-search-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Researcher Visa (§18d)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers with a hosting agreement at a German research institution.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the hosting agreement (often 1-3 years)",
   "work_rights": "Research and related teaching with the host",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward settlement; fast-track for academics with stable funding.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/researcher-visa-18d"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Self-Employed",
   "name": "Self-Employment Visa (§21 Selbständige Tätigkeit)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Entrepreneurs setting up or running a business that benefits the German economy.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit); up to ~€147 for self-employed permits",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in the approved business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Settlement permit after 3 years if the business succeeds.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/self-employment-visa-21-selbst-ndige-t-tigkeit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Freiberufler",
   "name": "Freelance Visa (§21 Freiberufler)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Self-employed professionals in liberal occupations such as artists, IT or consultants.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Freelance work in the approved field",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Settlement permit after 3 years with stable income.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/freelance-visa-21-freiberufler"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "ICT Card",
   "name": "ICT Card (Intra-Corporate Transfer)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Managers, specialists or trainees transferred to a German branch of their company.",
   "charge": "~€100 (residence permit); ~€75 entry visa",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (managers/specialists); 1 year (trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the host entity in the transferred role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary by design; switch to another permit for a settlement path.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/ict-card-intra-corporate-transfer"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working Holiday Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people from partner countries combining travel with casual work for a year.",
   "charge": "~€75 (free for some nationalities)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Casual/incidental work to fund travel",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; must switch to a work or study permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/working-holiday-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au Pair Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people living with a German host family doing childcare in exchange for board.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~6-10 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months (non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Au pair duties (up to 30 hrs/week) with pocket money",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; switch to study or work afterwards.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/au-pair-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Volunteer",
   "name": "Voluntary Service Visa (Freiwilligendienst)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People doing a recognised voluntary service such as FSJ, FÖJ or BFD in Germany.",
   "charge": "~€75",
   "processing_time": "~6-10 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the service (6-18 months)",
   "work_rights": "Volunteering role with allowance and board",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; can switch to study or training afterwards.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/voluntary-service-visa-freiwilligendienst"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Spouse Join",
   "name": "Family Reunion Visa - Spouse/Partner",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses or registered partners joining a resident or German citizen in Germany.",
   "charge": "~€75 (visa); ~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Tied to sponsor's permit (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights granted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Independent residence and settlement after qualifying years of marriage/residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/family-reunion-visa-spouse-partner"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Child Join",
   "name": "Family Reunion Visa - Child",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Minor children joining a parent who holds residence in or is a citizen of Germany.",
   "charge": "~€37.50 (minors, visa); ~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Tied to parent's permit (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Permitted within youth rules",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Path to settlement alongside the family.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/family-reunion-visa-child"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Parent Join",
   "name": "Family Reunion Visa - Parent",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Parents joining a minor child who holds German residence, or in hardship cases.",
   "charge": "~€75 (visa); ~€100 (residence permit)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 months",
   "stay": "Tied to the family situation (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Generally permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Possible settlement after several years of lawful residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/family-reunion-visa-parent"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Niederlassung",
   "name": "Settlement Permit (Niederlassungserlaubnis)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who have met work, language and integration requirements.",
   "charge": "~€113 (~€147 for self-employed)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is German permanent residence; leads to citizenship eligibility.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/settlement-permit-niederlassungserlaubnis"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Fast-Track PR",
   "name": "Settlement Permit for Skilled Workers (Fast Track)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Skilled workers and graduates qualifying for accelerated permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~€113",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants permanent residence early; opens citizenship eligibility.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/settlement-permit-for-skilled-workers-fast-track"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "EU LTR",
   "name": "EU Long-Term Residence Permit (Daueraufenthalt-EU)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents wanting EU-wide mobility rights from their German residence.",
   "charge": "~€113",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent status valid for moving and residing across other EU states.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/eu-long-term-residence-permit-daueraufenthalt-eu"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "German Citizenship by Naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who meet residence, language and integration requirements.",
   "charge": "~€255 (~€51 for minor children naturalised with a parent)",
   "processing_time": "~6-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is full German citizenship, including an EU passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/german-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "de",
   "country": "Germany",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum / Refugee Protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Humanitarian",
   "who_for": "People fleeing persecution or serious harm seeking protection in Germany.",
   "charge": "Free (no application fee)",
   "processing_time": "~several months to over a year",
   "stay": "1-3 years initially (renewable), then settlement possible",
   "work_rights": "Permitted after an initial waiting period",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Settlement permit after 3-5 years of recognised protection.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/de/asylum-refugee-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Visitor Visa",
   "name": "Visitor Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people who want to visit New Zealand for tourism, to see family or friends, or for short business trips.",
   "charge": "~NZ$441 online plus NZ$100 International Visitor Levy",
   "processing_time": "~3-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 9 months in an 18-month period",
   "work_rights": "No work allowed (limited business activities only)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path to residence; visitors may later apply for work, study or family visas.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/visitor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "NZeTA",
   "name": "New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority (NZeTA)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For citizens of visa-waiver countries and cruise passengers travelling to or transiting New Zealand.",
   "charge": "~NZ$17 (app) or NZ$23 (web) plus NZ$100 International Visitor Levy",
   "processing_time": "~10 minutes to 72 hours",
   "stay": "Up to 3 months (6 months for UK passport holders) per visit",
   "work_rights": "No work allowed (visitor conditions)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; it authorises visa-waiver travel only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/new-zealand-electronic-travel-authority-nzeta"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working Holiday Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young people from partner countries who want to holiday and work in New Zealand for up to a year.",
   "charge": "~NZ$420 plus NZ$100 International Visitor Levy",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "12 months (23 months for UK and Canadian citizens)",
   "work_rights": "Work for almost any employer; some scheme limits apply",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; can be a stepping stone to the AEWV and skilled residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/working-holiday-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "AEWV",
   "name": "Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For skilled workers with a job offer from a New Zealand employer accredited by Immigration New Zealand.",
   "charge": "~NZ$750 migrant fee (employer also pays accreditation and job check fees)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Work for the named accredited employer in the approved role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Higher-skilled AEWV roles can lead to the Skilled Migrant Category or Green List residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/accredited-employer-work-visa-aewv"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "SMC",
   "name": "Skilled Migrant Category Resident Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "For skilled workers who want to live in New Zealand permanently based on a points system.",
   "charge": "~NZ$6,450 including levy (offshore applications)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite resident visa)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence immediately; can lead to a Permanent Resident Visa and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/skilled-migrant-category-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Green List STR",
   "name": "Green List Straight to Residence Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For people in high-demand Tier 1 Green List occupations who can apply for residence directly.",
   "charge": "~NZ$6,450 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-10 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite resident visa)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence immediately; can lead to a Permanent Resident Visa and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/green-list-straight-to-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Green List WTR",
   "name": "Green List Work to Residence Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people in Tier 2 Green List occupations who gain residence after working in New Zealand for a period.",
   "charge": "~NZ$750 work visa fee, then ~NZ$6,450 residence fee",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months (work visa); residence after qualifying work",
   "stay": "Work visa up to 5 years, then residence after qualifying period",
   "work_rights": "Work for the accredited employer in the Green List role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to residence after working in the role for the required time (commonly 24 months).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/green-list-work-to-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Student Visa",
   "name": "Fee Paying Student Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For international students enrolled in a full-time course at an approved New Zealand education provider.",
   "charge": "~NZ$750 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the course, usually up to 4 years",
   "work_rights": "Up to 20 hours per week in term, full-time in holidays",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; graduates may move to a Post-Study Work Visa and then skilled residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/fee-paying-student-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Post-Study Work",
   "name": "Post-Study Work Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For international graduates who want to work in New Zealand after completing an eligible qualification.",
   "charge": "~NZ$815 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years depending on qualification and where studied",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role (open work rights)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Open work rights help meet skilled work requirements for residence pathways.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/post-study-work-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Partner Work",
   "name": "Partner of a New Zealander Work Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For partners of New Zealand citizens or residents who want to live and work in New Zealand.",
   "charge": "~NZ$750 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role (open work rights)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Often a precursor to the Partner of a New Zealander Resident Visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/partner-of-a-new-zealander-work-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Partner Resident",
   "name": "Partner of a New Zealander Resident Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For partners of New Zealand citizens or residents seeking permanent residence based on the relationship.",
   "charge": "~NZ$5,860 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite resident visa)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence; can lead to a Permanent Resident Visa and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/partner-of-a-new-zealander-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Partner of Worker",
   "name": "Partner of a Worker or Student Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For partners of people who hold a New Zealand work or student visa.",
   "charge": "~NZ$750 (work) or NZ$441 (visitor) including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Matches the principal partner's visa",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights if partner of certain workers; otherwise visitor conditions",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; aligned with the principal partner's residence pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/partner-of-a-worker-or-student-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Dependent Child",
   "name": "Dependent Child Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For dependent children of people who hold a New Zealand work or student visa, or are residents.",
   "charge": "~NZ$441 including levy (dependent child visitor)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Matches the parent's visa (student or visitor stream)",
   "work_rights": "No work (study or visitor conditions)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Children can be included in a parent's residence application where eligible.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/dependent-child-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Parent Resident",
   "name": "Parent Resident Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For parents of New Zealand citizens or residents who sponsor them for permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~NZ$3,180 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months (selected from a ballot or queue)",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite resident visa)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence; can lead to a Permanent Resident Visa and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/parent-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "PGV",
   "name": "Parent and Grandparent Visitor Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For parents and grandparents of New Zealand citizens or residents who want extended multiple-entry visits.",
   "charge": "~NZ$3,000 including levy (3-year multiple entry)",
   "processing_time": "~4-10 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months per visit, 18 months total over 3 years",
   "work_rights": "No work allowed (visitor conditions)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; for extended visits only, separate from the Parent Resident Visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/parent-and-grandparent-visitor-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Parent Retirement",
   "name": "Parent Retirement Resident Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For parents of New Zealand citizens or residents who can invest a substantial sum to gain residence.",
   "charge": "~NZ$10,000 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~12-18 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite resident visa)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence; can lead to a Permanent Resident Visa and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/parent-retirement-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Entrepreneur",
   "name": "Entrepreneur Work Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people who want to buy or set up and run a business in New Zealand.",
   "charge": "~NZ$5,860 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~6-9 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (12-month start-up then 24-month balance)",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in the approved business only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Can lead to the Entrepreneur Resident Visa after running the business successfully.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/entrepreneur-work-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Active Investor",
   "name": "Active Investor Plus Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For high-net-worth investors who place qualifying funds into New Zealand businesses or managed funds.",
   "charge": "~NZ$27,470 including levy and fees",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (resident visa after meeting investment conditions)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence once investment and presence conditions are met; leads to a Permanent Resident Visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/active-investor-plus-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Specific Purpose",
   "name": "Specific Purpose Work Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people coming to New Zealand for a specific, time-limited purpose such as a secondment or specialist project.",
   "charge": "~NZ$750 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-10 weeks",
   "stay": "Length of the specific purpose, often up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Work limited to the specified purpose or project",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; some holders move to skilled work or residence categories.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/specific-purpose-work-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Entrepreneur Res",
   "name": "Entrepreneur Resident Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For Entrepreneur Work Visa holders who have successfully established and run their New Zealand business.",
   "charge": "~NZ$5,860 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~9-15 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite resident visa)",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer or run your own business",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants residence; can lead to a Permanent Resident Visa and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/entrepreneur-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "RSE",
   "name": "Recognised Seasonal Employer Limited Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For overseas workers recruited for seasonal horticulture and viticulture work with approved employers.",
   "charge": "~NZ$580 including levy",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 7 months (9 months for some Pacific workers) in an 11-month period",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal work for the approved RSE employer only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; it is a limited visa with no automatic right to apply for further visas.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/recognised-seasonal-employer-limited-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Transit Visa",
   "name": "Transit Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For travellers passing through New Zealand to another country who are not from a transit visa-waiver country.",
   "charge": "~NZ$0-NZ$190 depending on nationality and lodgement",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 24 hours in the transit area",
   "work_rights": "No work allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; for transit only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/transit-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "PRV",
   "name": "Permanent Resident Visa",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "For resident visa holders who have met commitment-to-New-Zealand criteria and want indefinite travel rights.",
   "charge": "~NZ$420",
   "processing_time": "~3-6 months",
   "stay": "Permanent with indefinite re-entry rights",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any role",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is the highest residence status; a common step before applying for citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/permanent-resident-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nz",
   "country": "New Zealand",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Citizenship by Grant",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "For permanent residents who meet residence and presence requirements and want to become New Zealand citizens.",
   "charge": "~NZ$470.20 (adult application)",
   "processing_time": "~8-14 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers full citizenship, including a New Zealand passport and the right to vote.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nz/citizenship-by-grant"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "C Visa",
   "name": "Short Stay 'C' Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visa-required nationals coming to Ireland for up to 90 days for tourism, family visits, business meetings or short courses.",
   "charge": "~€60 single entry / €100 multiple entry",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks (varies by visa office)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to residence; you must leave before the visa expires.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/short-stay-c-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "D Visa",
   "name": "Long Stay 'D' Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Long stay entry visa",
   "who_for": "Visa-required nationals travelling to Ireland for more than 90 days to work, study, join family or settle.",
   "charge": "~€60 single entry / €100 multiple entry",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks (varies by category and office)",
   "stay": "More than 90 days (single entry to register on arrival)",
   "work_rights": "Per the underlying permit/permission",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Long stay categories register for an IRP stamp and may build toward residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/long-stay-d-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "CSEP",
   "name": "Critical Skills Employment Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary (fast-track to residence)",
   "who_for": "Highly skilled workers with a job offer in an in-demand occupation such as ICT, engineering or healthcare.",
   "charge": "~€1,000 (90% refunded if refused)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks (current processing dates published by DETE)",
   "stay": "2 years (then Stamp 4 without a further permit)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the named employer in the named role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 2 years you move to Stamp 4 and can apply for long term residence and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/critical-skills-employment-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "GEP",
   "name": "General Employment Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers with a job offer across most occupations not on the ineligible list, where the role meets salary rules.",
   "charge": "~€500 (up to 6 months) / €1,000 (up to 24 months)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks (current processing dates published by DETE)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for the named employer in the named role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of permits you can apply for Stamp 4 long term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/general-employment-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "ICT Permit",
   "name": "Intra-Company Transfer Employment Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Senior managers, key personnel or trainees transferred from an overseas branch to an Irish company in the same group.",
   "charge": "~€500 (up to 6 months) / €1,000 (up to 24 months)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks (current processing dates published by DETE)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years (2 years for trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the Irish host company in the group",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "ICT time generally does not count toward Stamp 4; switch to another permit for residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/intra-company-transfer-employment-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Dependant Permit",
   "name": "Dependant/Partner/Spouse Employment Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, civil partners and dependants of certain employment permit holders who want to work in Ireland.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks (current processing dates published by DETE)",
   "stay": "Tied to the primary permit holder's permission",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer in any occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Follows the primary holder's pathway; spouses of CSEP holders often hold Stamp 1G and can work freely.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/dependant-partner-spouse-employment-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "CFS Permit",
   "name": "Contract for Services Employment Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign workers sent to Ireland by an overseas contractor to deliver a service contract for an Irish entity.",
   "charge": "~€500 (up to 6 months) / €1,000 (up to 24 months)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks (current processing dates published by DETE)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable to a maximum of 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Work on the specific service contract only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Project-based; does not generally lead to long term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/contract-for-services-employment-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Reactivation",
   "name": "Reactivation Employment Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers who fell out of the system through no fault of their own and want to return to lawful employment.",
   "charge": "~€500 (up to 6 months) / €1,000 (up to 24 months)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks (current processing dates published by DETE)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for the named employer in the named role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Can build toward Stamp 4 long term residence over time like other permits.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/reactivation-employment-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "AWS",
   "name": "Atypical Working Scheme",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Short-term work",
   "who_for": "Workers needed for short, specialist or atypical jobs of up to 90 days that fall outside the permit system.",
   "charge": "~€250",
   "processing_time": "~20 working days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days",
   "work_rights": "Specific short-term role approved under the scheme",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to residence; for short-term work only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/atypical-working-scheme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Van der Elst",
   "name": "Van der Elst Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Short-term work",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA workers legally employed in another EU state posted to Ireland to provide a service for their employer.",
   "charge": "~€60 single entry / €100 multiple entry",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the posted service (no employment permit needed)",
   "work_rights": "Provide the posted service for the EU-based employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary posting only; no pathway to residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/van-der-elst-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Stamp 1",
   "name": "Stamp 1 Immigration Permission",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People allowed to work or run a business in Ireland on the basis of an employment permit or business scheme.",
   "charge": "~€300 IRP registration card",
   "processing_time": "Issued at registration; book via ISD",
   "stay": "Tied to the underlying permit (typically up to 2 years, renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the employer named on your permit only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on Stamp 1 counts toward Stamp 4 long term residence after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/stamp-1-immigration-permission"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Stamp 1G",
   "name": "Stamp 1G Immigration Permission",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates on the Third Level Graduate Programme and certain spouses of Critical Skills permit holders.",
   "charge": "~€300 IRP registration card",
   "processing_time": "Issued at registration; book via ISD",
   "stay": "Up to 24 months (graduates); CSEP spouses linked to primary permission",
   "work_rights": "Full-time work without an employment permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Graduates should move to an employment permit/Stamp 1; CSEP spouses progress with the primary holder.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/stamp-1g-immigration-permission"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Stamp 2",
   "name": "Stamp 2 Immigration Permission (Student)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA students enrolled on a full-time course on the Interim List of Eligible Programmes (ILEP).",
   "charge": "~€300 IRP registration card",
   "processing_time": "Issued at registration; book via ISD",
   "stay": "Course length, up to a maximum of 7 years on student permission",
   "work_rights": "Casual work up to 20 hrs/week in term, 40 hrs in holidays",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Student time does not count toward residence; progress via Stamp 1G then a work permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/stamp-2-immigration-permission-student"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Stamp 4",
   "name": "Stamp 4 Immigration Permission",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement-track residence",
   "who_for": "Residents who can live and work in Ireland without an employment permit, e.g. after a CSEP or as family of an Irish national.",
   "charge": "~€300 IRP registration card",
   "processing_time": "Varies by route (e.g. CSEP support letter, family decision)",
   "stay": "Typically up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work or run a business without an employment permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Stamp 4 supports long term residence and citizenship by naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/stamp-4-immigration-permission"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Study Visa",
   "name": "Student Visa (Long Stay 'D' for Study)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Visa-required nationals coming to study a full-time course of more than 90 days in Ireland.",
   "charge": "~€60 single entry / €100 multiple entry",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks",
   "stay": "Course length (register on Stamp 2 after arrival)",
   "work_rights": "Degree students may work 20 hrs/week in term, 40 in holidays",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to Stamp 2; pathway to residence runs via Stamp 1G and a work permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/student-visa-long-stay-d-for-study"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Grad Scheme",
   "name": "Third Level Graduate Programme",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Post-study work",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA graduates of recognised Irish higher-education awards who want to stay and seek graduate employment.",
   "charge": "~€300 IRP registration card",
   "processing_time": "Granted on application after results; register via ISD",
   "stay": "12 months (level 8) or up to 24 months (level 9+)",
   "work_rights": "Full-time work without an employment permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Bridge to a Critical Skills or General Employment Permit, then Stamp 4 and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/third-level-graduate-programme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "WHA",
   "name": "Working Holiday Authorisation",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Youth mobility",
   "who_for": "Young people from partner countries (e.g. Australia, Canada, Japan, NZ, Argentina) for a working holiday in Ireland.",
   "charge": "Varies by country (often a small embassy fee)",
   "processing_time": "Varies by embassy and quota round",
   "stay": "12 months (24 months for some countries)",
   "work_rights": "Work to support a primarily holiday stay",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct pathway; switch to an employment permit to remain longer.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/working-holiday-authorisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Spouse of Irish",
   "name": "Join Spouse/Civil Partner of an Irish National",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Family residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA spouses and civil partners of Irish citizens who want to live with them in Ireland.",
   "charge": "~€60/€100 visa if required; ~€300 IRP card",
   "processing_time": "~6 months (ISD spouse/partner decision)",
   "stay": "Stamp 4 granted, typically up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work or run a business without an employment permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Stamp 4 leads to long term residence and citizenship after the required reckonable residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/join-spouse-civil-partner-of-an-irish-national"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "De Facto Partner",
   "name": "De Facto Partner of an Irish National",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Family residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA unmarried partners in a committed relationship with an Irish citizen seeking to live together in Ireland.",
   "charge": "~€60/€100 visa if required; ~€300 IRP card",
   "processing_time": "~6 months (ISD partner decision)",
   "stay": "Stamp 4 granted, typically up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work or run a business without an employment permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Stamp 4 leads to long term residence and citizenship over time.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/de-facto-partner-of-an-irish-national"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Family Reunion",
   "name": "Join Family (Non-EEA Sponsor Reunification)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Family residence",
   "who_for": "Family members of non-EEA residents (e.g. CSEP holders, refugees) coming to join their sponsor in Ireland.",
   "charge": "~€60/€100 visa if required; ~€300 IRP card",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months depending on sponsor category",
   "stay": "Tied to sponsor's permission (often Stamp 1G or Stamp 3)",
   "work_rights": "Depends on stamp (Stamp 1G allows work; Stamp 3 does not)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Progresses with the sponsor toward long term residence and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/join-family-non-eea-sponsor-reunification"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "EU FAM",
   "name": "EU Treaty Rights (Family of EU/EEA National)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Family residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA family members of EU/EEA/Swiss nationals exercising free movement rights in Ireland.",
   "charge": "No application fee (free)",
   "processing_time": "Up to 6 months by EU law",
   "stay": "Residence card valid up to 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Work or run a business without an employment permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Five years of residence can lead to permanent residence under the Free Movement Regulations.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/eu-treaty-rights-family-of-eu-eea-national"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "STEP",
   "name": "Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Entrepreneur residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EEA founders of an innovative, high-potential start-up with funding who want to set up in Ireland.",
   "charge": "No application fee (~€300 IRP card on approval)",
   "processing_time": "Assessed in periodic evaluation rounds",
   "stay": "2 years initially, then 3-year renewal",
   "work_rights": "Run your own qualifying start-up business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Successful entrepreneurs can progress to long term residence and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/start-up-entrepreneur-programme-step"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "IIP",
   "name": "Immigrant Investor Programme (IIP)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Investor residence",
   "who_for": "High-net-worth non-EEA investors who made a qualifying investment in Ireland (closed to new applicants since 2023).",
   "charge": "Was ~€1,000 application fee plus the qualifying investment",
   "processing_time": "Programme closed in February 2023",
   "stay": "Residence renewed in line with the investment",
   "work_rights": "Investor and family may live, work and study",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Existing approved investors retain a path to long term residence; programme not open to new entrants.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/immigrant-investor-programme-iip"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "LTR",
   "name": "Long Term Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "Long-resident non-EEA workers who have held an employment permit and lived legally in Ireland for at least 5 years.",
   "charge": "~€500 long term residence fee",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Stamp 4 issued for up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work without an employment permit",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Provides settled Stamp 4 status and supports citizenship by naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/long-term-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "Irish Citizenship by Naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term legal residents (and spouses of Irish citizens) who meet the residence and character rules.",
   "charge": "~€175 application + ~€950 certification (€200 reduced; refugees no cert fee)",
   "processing_time": "~12-19 months",
   "stay": "Permanent - Irish and EU citizenship",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers full Irish citizenship, an Irish passport and EU citizenship rights.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/irish-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ie",
   "country": "Ireland",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "International Protection (Asylum/Subsidiary Protection)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People in Ireland seeking refugee status or subsidiary protection because they fear persecution or serious harm.",
   "charge": "No fee",
   "processing_time": "Varies; prioritised and standard processing tracks",
   "stay": "While the claim is processed; status grants Stamp 4 residence",
   "work_rights": "Labour market access after the qualifying waiting period",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Granted refugee or subsidiary protection status leads to Stamp 4 and a path to citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ie/international-protection-asylum-subsidiary-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen short-stay visa (type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For visitors coming to the Netherlands and the Schengen area for tourism, family visits, business or events for a short period.",
   "charge": "~€90 (adult); ~€45 (child 6-11)",
   "processing_time": "~15 calendar days (can be longer)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to residence or permanent stay; for longer stays an MVV and residence permit are required.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "MVV",
   "name": "Provisional residence permit (MVV / machtiging tot voorlopig verblijf)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Entry visa (long stay)",
   "who_for": "For non-EU nationals from MVV-required countries who need an entry visa before collecting a Dutch residence permit.",
   "charge": "Included in the linked residence permit fee (TEV procedure)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum) for the combined TEV decision",
   "stay": "Valid 90 days to enter and collect the residence permit",
   "work_rights": "Depends on the underlying residence permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Itself only an entry visa; the linked residence permit determines any path to settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/provisional-residence-permit-mvv-machtiging-tot-voorlopig-verblijf"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Kennismigrant",
   "name": "Residence permit for highly skilled migrant (kennismigrant)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For skilled workers with a job offer from a Dutch employer that is an IND-recognised sponsor and meets the salary threshold.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025); employer also pays recognised-sponsor costs",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks for recognised sponsors (legal max 90 days)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years (linked to the employment contract)",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring employer in the skilled role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 5 years of continuous residence needed for permanent residence or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-highly-skilled-migrant-kennismigrant"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "EU Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card (Europese blauwe kaart)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For highly qualified workers with a recognised higher-education degree and a qualifying Dutch job offer.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (linked to the contract)",
   "work_rights": "Work in the qualifying highly skilled role; greater EU mobility than national permits",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on a Blue Card counts toward permanent residence and EU long-term residence, with EU-wide accrual.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/eu-blue-card-europese-blauwe-kaart"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "GVVA",
   "name": "Single permit for work and residence (gecombineerde vergunning, GVVA)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For non-EU workers in regular (non-highly-skilled) jobs, combining the work and residence permit in one document.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to the contract length, normally up to 1-2 years",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the named employer in the approved role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous legal residence counts toward permanent residence after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/single-permit-for-work-and-residence-gecombineerde-vergunning-gvva"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Zoekjaar",
   "name": "Residence permit for orientation year (zoekjaar highly educated persons)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For recent graduates of a Dutch or top-ranked foreign university, and certain researchers, to find work or start a business.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks to 90 days",
   "stay": "12 months (non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Free access to the labour market; no separate work permit needed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A bridge permit; switching to highly skilled migrant uses a reduced salary threshold and that time counts toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-orientation-year-zoekjaar-highly-educated-persons"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Start-up",
   "name": "Residence permit for start-up (innovative entrepreneur)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For ambitious entrepreneurs launching an innovative startup with a Dutch government-approved facilitator.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "1 year (to develop the business)",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in the registered innovative startup",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A one-year launch route; you typically switch to the self-employed permit afterwards, which counts toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-start-up-innovative-entrepreneur"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Self-employed",
   "name": "Residence permit for self-employed person / freelancer (zelfstandig ondernemer)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For entrepreneurs and freelancers running a business that serves an essential Dutch economic interest.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in your own registered business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous self-employed residence counts toward permanent residence after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-self-employed-person-freelancer-zelfstandig-ondernemer"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "DAFT",
   "name": "Residence permit under the Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For US nationals starting or running their own business in the Netherlands under a favourable bilateral treaty.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025) IND fee; plus €4,500 maintained business investment",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum); often faster",
   "stay": "2 years (renewable, typically up to 5)",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in your own registered Dutch business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Continuous DAFT residence counts toward permanent residence after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-under-the-dutch-american-friendship-treaty-daft"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Startup staff",
   "name": "Residence permit for essential start-up personnel",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For key employees taking an equity stake in an innovative Dutch startup under a special temporary pilot scheme.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Linked to the contract (pilot scheme)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the sponsoring innovative startup",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counted toward permanent residence while it ran; applicants now use the highly skilled migrant route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-essential-start-up-personnel"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "ICT",
   "name": "Residence permit for intra-corporate transferee (ICT)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For managers, specialists or trainees transferred from a non-EU branch to a Dutch entity of the same group.",
   "charge": "~€405 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (managers/specialists); up to 1 year (trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the host Dutch entity in the transferred role; EU mobility within the group",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "ICT time is temporary and does not itself count toward EU long-term residence; switch routes for PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-intra-corporate-transferee-ict"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Residence permit for researcher (Directive (EU) 2016/801)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For researchers carrying out a research project at a recognised Dutch research institution.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Length of the hosting agreement (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Research at the host institution; some additional teaching allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Research residence counts toward permanent residence and EU long-term residence after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-researcher-directive-eu-2016-801"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Seasonal",
   "name": "Residence permit / work permit for seasonal labour",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For non-EU workers doing seasonal work, such as in agriculture or horticulture, for a limited part of the year.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 24 weeks per year",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal work only, for the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Seasonal and temporary; does not lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-work-permit-for-seasonal-labour"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Residence permit for study (higher education)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For non-EU students enrolled in full-time higher education at a recognised Dutch institution.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks to 60 days (recognised sponsor)",
   "stay": "Duration of the study programme plus 3 months",
   "work_rights": "Limited: up to 16 hours/week, or full-time in summer, with a work permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study time counts at half value toward permanent residence; graduates can switch to the orientation year.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-study-higher-education"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Exchange",
   "name": "Residence permit for cultural exchange / au pair",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young people coming for cultural exchange, including au pairs hosted by a Dutch family through a recognised agency.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025) au pair; cultural exchange similar",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Au pairs: light household duties only (max 30 hours/week, 8/day)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Strictly temporary; does not lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-cultural-exchange-au-pair"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "WHS",
   "name": "Working Holiday Scheme / Young Workers Exchange (WHS)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young adults from partner countries spending a gap year in the Netherlands combining travel and incidental work.",
   "charge": "~€74 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year (non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Incidental work allowed without a separate work permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A one-year cultural stay; does not lead to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/working-holiday-scheme-young-workers-exchange-whs"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Partner/Spouse",
   "name": "Residence permit for stay with partner or spouse (family reunification)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For the spouse, registered partner or unmarried partner of a Dutch national or a resident sponsor.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years (linked to the relationship)",
   "work_rights": "Free access to the labour market (work allowed without restriction)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence and naturalisation after 5 years of continuous residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-stay-with-partner-or-spouse-family-reunification"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Child",
   "name": "Residence permit for stay with a parent (child family reunification)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For minor children joining a parent who is a Dutch national or holds a Dutch residence permit.",
   "charge": "~€81 (2025) for a child",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years (linked to the parent's status)",
   "work_rights": "Work allowed (subject to age and child-labour rules)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence; children can naturalise with or after the parent.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-stay-with-a-parent-child-family-reunification"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "EU family",
   "name": "Residence document for family members of EU/EEA/Swiss citizens",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For non-EU family members of an EU/EEA or Swiss citizen exercising free-movement rights in the Netherlands.",
   "charge": "~€81 (2025) verification (~€44 minors)",
   "processing_time": "~within 6 months (often faster)",
   "stay": "Linked to the EU citizen's residence (5-year document)",
   "work_rights": "Free access to the labour market",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of lawful residence, eligible for sustained EU residence / permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-document-for-family-members-of-eu-eea-swiss-citizens"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Medical",
   "name": "Residence permit for medical treatment",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people who need to stay in the Netherlands to undergo necessary medical treatment.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Duration of the treatment (renewable while needed)",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary in nature; intended to end when treatment is complete.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/residence-permit-for-medical-treatment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum residence permit (temporary)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people who flee their country because of persecution, war or serious harm and seek protection.",
   "charge": "Free (no fee for asylum applications)",
   "processing_time": "Often 6 months to over a year",
   "stay": "5 years (temporary asylum permit)",
   "work_rights": "Work allowed, in early stages limited to 24 weeks/year",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of asylum residence you can apply for an indefinite asylum permit (permanent).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/asylum-residence-permit-temporary"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Permanent",
   "name": "Permanent residence permit (national, type II)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For people who have lived legally in the Netherlands for five continuous years and want to settle.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Indefinite",
   "work_rights": "Free access to the labour market",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; after meeting the requirements you may also apply for naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/permanent-residence-permit-national-type-ii"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "EU long-term",
   "name": "EU long-term residence permit",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For long-term residents who want EU-wide rights to move and live in other member states after five years.",
   "charge": "~€243 (2025)",
   "processing_time": "~90 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Indefinite",
   "work_rights": "Free access to the labour market; mobility rights in other EU states",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent EU status; it can also support a later application for Dutch citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/eu-long-term-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "nl",
   "country": "Netherlands",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "Dutch citizenship by naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "For long-term residents who want to become Dutch nationals through naturalisation.",
   "charge": "~€1,091 single (2025); ~€1,393 couple; ~€161 minor with parent",
   "processing_time": "Up to 1 year (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a Dutch/EU citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Naturalisation is the final step - it confers full Dutch and EU citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/nl/dutch-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Travellers visiting France or the Schengen area for tourism, family, business or events for short periods.",
   "charge": "~€90 (adult); ~€45 for children aged 6-11",
   "processing_time": "~15 calendar days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; you must apply for a long-stay visa to settle.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "VLS-TS",
   "name": "Long-Stay Visa Equivalent to Residence Permit (VLS-TS)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People moving to France for 4-12 months who validate the visa online to obtain residence-permit status.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa fee + OFII validation tax (~€200 + €25 stamp for most categories)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "4 to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Depends on category endorsed on the visa",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renew as a residence permit; counts toward the 5 years for a 10-year resident card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/long-stay-visa-equivalent-to-residence-permit-vls-ts"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Talent (Salarié Qualifié)",
   "name": "Passeport Talent - Qualified Employee (Master's or Young Graduate)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Master's-qualified or innovative-company hires earning at least twice the minimum wage on a French contract.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/passeport-talent-qualified-employee-master-s-or-young-graduate"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "EU Blue Card",
   "name": "Passeport Talent - EU Blue Card (Carte Bleue Européenne)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified non-EU workers with a higher-education degree and a high-salary French job offer.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for the sponsoring employer; EU mobility after 12 months",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time in other EU states can count toward EU long-term residence and a 10-year card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/passeport-talent-eu-blue-card-carte-bleue-europ-enne"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Talent (Chercheur)",
   "name": "Passeport Talent - Researcher (Chercheur)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers and academics hosted by an approved French research or higher-education institution.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (matching the hosting agreement)",
   "work_rights": "Research and teaching with the host body; EU mobility for research",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/passeport-talent-researcher-chercheur"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Talent (French Tech)",
   "name": "Passeport Talent - Innovative Startup Founder (French Tech Visa)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Entrepreneurs with an innovative economic project endorsed by a recognised support body.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Run and work in your innovative project",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/passeport-talent-innovative-startup-founder-french-tech-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Talent (Création)",
   "name": "Passeport Talent - Company Creation (Création d'Entreprise)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates or experienced people creating a viable company in France with real investment.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Operate the company you create",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/passeport-talent-company-creation-cr-ation-d-entreprise"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Talent (Investisseur)",
   "name": "Passeport Talent - Investor (Investisseur Économique)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Investors committing significant capital into a French business or productive assets.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Manage your invested business interests",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/passeport-talent-investor-investisseur-conomique"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Salarié",
   "name": "Employee Residence Permit (Carte de Séjour Salarié)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers on an open-ended or 12-month-plus French employment contract with work authorisation.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 OFII/residence tax (employer pays a separate hiring tax)",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks (after work-authorisation approval)",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year initially, renewable (multi-year on renewal)",
   "work_rights": "Employment with the authorised job/contract",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' lawful residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/employee-residence-permit-carte-de-s-jour-salari"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Travailleur Temporaire",
   "name": "Temporary Worker Permit (Travailleur Temporaire)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers on a fixed-term contract under 12 months or on assignment in France.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 OFII/residence tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks (after work-authorisation approval)",
   "stay": "Matching the contract, up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Employment with the authorised fixed-term job",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Limited PR path; usually requires switching to a longer-term permit first.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/temporary-worker-permit-travailleur-temporaire"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "ICT (Détaché)",
   "name": "Intra-Company Transfer Permit (Salarié Détaché ICT)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Managers, specialists or trainees transferred to a French entity of their group.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (managers/specialists); 1 year (trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Assignment with the French group entity; EU mobility possible",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Limited direct PR path; assignment time can support later applications.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/intra-company-transfer-permit-salari-d-tach-ict"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Étudiant",
   "name": "Student Long-Stay Visa (VLS-TS Étudiant)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students enrolled in a recognised French higher-education programme.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €75 OFII validation tax (Campus France fee may apply)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks (after Campus France 'Études en France')",
   "stay": "Duration of the academic year, renewable (multi-year possible)",
   "work_rights": "Up to 60% of full-time (~964 hours/year)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Switch to a job-search/work permit after graduation; study years count partly toward residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/student-long-stay-visa-vls-ts-tudiant"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "RECE / APS",
   "name": "Job-Search or Business-Creation Permit (Recherche d'Emploi / Création d'Entreprise)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Recent graduates of French institutions seeking a job or launching a business after studies.",
   "charge": "~€225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months, non-renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work freely while job-seeking, or run the planned business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Bridge to a salarié or Talent permit, which then lead to long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/job-search-or-business-creation-permit-recherche-d-emploi-cr-ation-d-entreprise"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Visiteur",
   "name": "Visitor Long-Stay Visa/Permit (Visiteur)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Self-funded people living in France without working, such as retirees or long-term visitors.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 OFII/residence tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' continuous residence you may apply for a 10-year resident card.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/visitor-long-stay-visa-permit-visiteur"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Profession Libérale",
   "name": "Independent Professional Permit (Entrepreneur / Profession Libérale)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Self-employed professionals or regulated practitioners carrying on an activity in France.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 OFII/residence tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable (multi-year possible)",
   "work_rights": "Self-employed professional activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/independent-professional-permit-entrepreneur-profession-lib-rale"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Entrepreneur",
   "name": "Entrepreneur / Self-Employed Trader Permit (Entrepreneur / Commerçant)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU nationals setting up a commercial, craft or industrial business in France.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 OFII/residence tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable (multi-year possible)",
   "work_rights": "Operate and manage your registered business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years' residence you can apply for a 10-year resident card or naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/entrepreneur-self-employed-trader-permit-entrepreneur-commer-ant"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "WHV (PVT)",
   "name": "Working Holiday Visa (Programme Vacances-Travail)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people aged 18-30/35 from partner countries combining tourism and casual work.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa fee (free for some partner nationalities)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months, generally non-renewable",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights for the holiday period",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR path; you must switch to a work permit to stay long-term.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/working-holiday-visa-programme-vacances-travail"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Regroupement Familial",
   "name": "Family Reunification (Regroupement Familial)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouse and minor children of a foreign national legally settled in France.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €200 OFII tax per family member",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Aligned with the sponsor's permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights once permit issued",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Family members build toward their own 10-year resident card and naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/family-reunification-regroupement-familial"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Conjoint de Français",
   "name": "Spouse of a French National Permit (Vie Privée et Familiale - Conjoint)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign spouses of French citizens living together in France.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + €225 OFII/residence tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable (multi-year after first renewal)",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Eligible for a 10-year resident card after ~3 years and for citizenship by marriage after 4 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/spouse-of-a-french-national-permit-vie-priv-e-et-familiale-conjoint"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Vie Privée et Familiale",
   "name": "Private and Family Life Permit (Vie Privée et Familiale)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People with strong personal or family ties in France, including some long-term residents.",
   "charge": "~€225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable (multi-year possible)",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years held count toward a 10-year resident card and naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/private-and-family-life-permit-vie-priv-e-et-familiale"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Parent d'Enfant Français",
   "name": "Parent of a French Child Permit (Vie Privée et Familiale - Parent)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign parents who contribute to the upbringing of their French-citizen child.",
   "charge": "~€225 residence-permit tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable (multi-year after first renewal)",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to a 10-year resident card and can support a citizenship application.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/parent-of-a-french-child-permit-vie-priv-e-et-familiale-parent"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Stagiaire",
   "name": "Trainee / Intern Permit (Stagiaire)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People coming to France for a structured internship or vocational training placement.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + OFII validation tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the internship, up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Work limited to the approved internship",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR path; switch to a work or student permit to remain.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/trainee-intern-permit-stagiaire"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au Pair Permit (Jeune au Pair)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people living with a host family, learning French while helping with childcare.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + OFII validation tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Childcare/light tasks for the host family only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR path; switch to study or work permit to remain.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/au-pair-permit-jeune-au-pair"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Travailleur Saisonnier",
   "name": "Seasonal Worker Permit (Travailleur Saisonnier)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers doing seasonal jobs (e.g. agriculture, tourism) for part of each year.",
   "charge": "~€99 visa + residence-permit tax",
   "processing_time": "~2-8 weeks (after work-authorisation approval)",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months per year, card valid up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal employment only, max 6 months/year",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR path; holder must maintain a residence abroad.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/seasonal-worker-permit-travailleur-saisonnier"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Asile / Réfugié",
   "name": "Asylum and Refugee Protection (Demande d'Asile)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "People fleeing persecution who seek refugee status or subsidiary protection in France.",
   "charge": "Free (no fee to claim asylum)",
   "processing_time": "~6-18 months (OFPRA, plus appeals to the CNDA)",
   "stay": "Refugee card 10 years; subsidiary protection 4 years",
   "work_rights": "Allowed once status is granted (and limited during the claim)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Refugee status gives a 10-year card leading to a resident card and naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/asylum-and-refugee-protection-demande-d-asile"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Carte de Résident",
   "name": "Long-Term Resident Card (Carte de Résident - 10 Years)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-settled foreign nationals granted a renewable 10-year residence card.",
   "charge": "~€225 residence-card tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 months",
   "stay": "10 years, renewable (effectively permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights across France",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is the main French permanent-residence card and a stepping stone to naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/long-term-resident-card-carte-de-r-sident-10-years"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Résident LD-UE",
   "name": "EU Long-Term Resident Card (Carte de Résident Longue Durée-UE)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-settled residents wanting EU-wide long-term resident status and mobility rights.",
   "charge": "~€225 residence-card tax (€200 + €25 stamp)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 months",
   "stay": "10 years, renewable (effectively permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Open work rights, with mobility to other EU states",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers EU long-term resident status and supports later naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/eu-long-term-resident-card-carte-de-r-sident-longue-dur-e-ue"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "French Citizenship by Naturalisation (Décret)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents acquiring French nationality by decree after meeting residence and integration tests.",
   "charge": "Free (no government fee for the application)",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a French citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers full French and EU citizenship, including a French passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/french-citizenship-by-naturalisation-d-cret"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Déclaration (Mariage)",
   "name": "French Citizenship by Marriage (Déclaration de Nationalité)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Foreign spouses of French citizens acquiring nationality by declaration.",
   "charge": "~€55 stamp duty (timbre fiscal)",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a French citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers full French and EU citizenship by declaration after the marriage qualifying period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/french-citizenship-by-marriage-d-claration-de-nationalit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "fr",
   "country": "France",
   "code": "Compétences et Talents",
   "name": "Skills and Talents Card (Carte Compétences et Talents)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Individuals with a project contributing to France's economic, intellectual or cultural development (legacy scheme).",
   "charge": "No longer issued",
   "processing_time": "Not applicable",
   "stay": "Was up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Was tied to the approved project",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Replaced by the Passeport Talent categories, which now provide the route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/fr/skills-and-talents-card-carte-comp-tences-et-talents"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Schengen Visa",
   "name": "Schengen Visa (visiting Sweden for up to 90 days)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Non-EU visitors who need a visa to come to Sweden for tourism, family visits or business for up to 90 days.",
   "charge": "~1,000 kr (€90)",
   "processing_time": "~15 days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to permanent residence; a short-stay visa only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/schengen-visa-visiting-sweden-for-up-to-90-days"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Visitor Permit",
   "name": "Visitor's residence permit (more than 90 days)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who want to visit Sweden for longer than 90 days, for example to spend time with relatives.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~2-5 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to permanent residence; intended for temporary visits only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/visitor-s-residence-permit-more-than-90-days"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Work Permit",
   "name": "Work permit (employee)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU/EEA citizens with a concrete job offer from a Swedish employer.",
   "charge": "~2,200 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Tied to the offered employer and occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence possible after working 4 of the last 7 years and meeting maintenance and conduct rules.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/work-permit-employee"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "EU Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card for highly qualified employment",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified non-EU professionals with higher education and a well-paid job offer in Sweden.",
   "charge": "~2,000 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (matches contract + 3 months)",
   "work_rights": "Highly qualified employment; mobility within the EU",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence; time in other EU states with a Blue Card can be combined.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/eu-blue-card-for-highly-qualified-employment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "ICT Permit",
   "name": "Intra-corporate transfer (ICT) permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Managers, specialists or trainees transferred from a company outside the EU to a Swedish group entity.",
   "charge": "~2,000 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (1 year for trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Tied to the host group company in Sweden",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "ICT time does not normally count towards permanent residence; switch to a work permit for a PR pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/intra-corporate-transfer-ict-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Self-Employed",
   "name": "Residence permit to run your own business",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Entrepreneurs who will own and actively run a business in Sweden.",
   "charge": "~2,000 kr",
   "processing_time": "~6-18 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in your own business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence possible after 2 years if the business is established and self-supporting.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-run-your-own-business"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Job Seeker",
   "name": "Residence permit to look for work or start a business (highly qualified)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified people with a master's-level degree who want to come to Sweden to job-hunt or explore starting a business.",
   "charge": "~2,000 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "3 to 9 months",
   "work_rights": "Allowed to look for work and start a business; not to take employment until you switch permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; switch to a work permit, Blue Card or self-employment permit once you find a role.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-look-for-work-or-start-a-business-highly-qualified"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Post-Study Work",
   "name": "Residence permit to work after higher education studies in Sweden",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International graduates of Swedish higher education who have found a qualifying job.",
   "charge": "~2,200 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Tied to the offered employer and occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Work time counts towards permanent residence after 4 of the last 7 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-work-after-higher-education-studies-in-sweden"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Grad Job Search",
   "name": "Residence permit to seek employment after completing your studies",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates and researchers who completed studies in Sweden and want time to find work or start a business.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Allowed to look for and start work or a business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; switch to a work permit once employed to build towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-seek-employment-after-completing-your-studies"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Student Permit",
   "name": "Residence permit for studies at higher education",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU students admitted to full-time university or university college studies in Sweden.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Length of the study programme",
   "work_rights": "Work allowed; no fixed hours cap but studies must come first",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR, but study can lead to a post-study work permit and onward to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-for-studies-at-higher-education"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Other Studies",
   "name": "Residence permit for other studies and exchange at upper secondary school",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Students in non-higher-education programmes such as folk high school or upper secondary exchange.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Length of the study programme",
   "work_rights": "Limited; studies must come first",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct pathway to permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-for-other-studies-and-exchange-at-upper-secondary-school"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "PhD Permit",
   "name": "Residence permit for doctoral studies",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Admitted PhD students, whether funded by a scholarship or employed as a doctoral candidate.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Length of the doctoral programme",
   "work_rights": "Doctoral work; employed PhD candidates have full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time as a doctoral student/researcher can count towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-for-doctoral-studies"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Residence permit to conduct research in Sweden",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers with a hosting agreement from an approved Swedish research institution.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (30 days if complete)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (within the hosting agreement)",
   "work_rights": "Research at the host institution; some teaching allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Research time counts towards permanent residence after the qualifying period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-conduct-research-in-sweden"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Post-Research",
   "name": "Residence permit to look for work after completing research",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers who have finished their research in Sweden and want to find work or start a business.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Allowed to look for and start work or a business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; switch to a work permit once employed.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-look-for-work-after-completing-research"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working holiday permit for young people",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Citizens aged 18-30 from partner countries who want to holiday in Sweden and work to fund the trip.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Casual work to fund the holiday; main purpose is holiday",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to permanent residence; switch to a work permit if you find longer-term employment.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/working-holiday-permit-for-young-people"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Residence permit to work as an au pair",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people who will live with a Swedish family doing light housework and childcare while studying Swedish.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Up to 25 hours/week of light housework and childcare",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to permanent residence; the permit cannot be extended.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-work-as-an-au-pair"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Family of Worker",
   "name": "Residence permit for family of someone with a work permit",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, partners and children of a person with a work, Blue Card, ICT, self-employment or researcher permit.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr (adults), ~750 kr (children)",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 months",
   "stay": "Same length as the worker's permit",
   "work_rights": "Family members may work in Sweden",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Family members can qualify for permanent residence alongside the main permit holder.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-for-family-of-someone-with-a-work-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Move to Partner",
   "name": "Residence permit to live with a partner in Sweden",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, registered partners or cohabitees of someone living in Sweden.",
   "charge": "~2,000 kr (adults), ~1,000 kr (children)",
   "processing_time": "~6-24 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (often granted in stages)",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence possible after about 3 years if the relationship continues and rules are met.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-live-with-a-partner-in-sweden"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Family Reunion",
   "name": "Residence permit to live with a child or other relative",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Children moving to a parent in Sweden, or parents/relatives reuniting with close family.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr (adults), ~750 kr (children)",
   "processing_time": "~6-24 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (often granted in stages)",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent residence possible after the qualifying period if rules continue to be met.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-to-live-with-a-child-or-other-relative"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Family of Student",
   "name": "Residence permit for family members of someone studying in Sweden",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, partners and children accompanying a student or researcher in Sweden.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr (adults), ~750 kr (children)",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 months",
   "stay": "Same length as the student's permit",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; depends on the student's onward pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-for-family-members-of-someone-studying-in-sweden"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Permanent Residence",
   "name": "Permanent residence permit",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "People who have lived in Sweden long enough on a residence permit and meet maintenance and conduct rules.",
   "charge": "No separate fee for most applicants",
   "processing_time": "~Varies (assessed with your permit)",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full, unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; it can lead to Swedish citizenship after the qualifying period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/permanent-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "EU Long-Term",
   "name": "Long-term resident status in Sweden (EU)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "Non-EU citizens who have lived legally in Sweden for five continuous years and want EU long-term resident status.",
   "charge": "~1,000 kr",
   "processing_time": "~Varies",
   "stay": "Long-term (status with onward EU mobility rights)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights; easier movement to other EU states",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A settled status that can support an application for Swedish citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/long-term-resident-status-in-sweden-eu"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "LTR Mobility",
   "name": "Residence permit for long-term residents in another EU country",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU citizens with EU long-term resident status in another member state who want to live in Sweden.",
   "charge": "~2,000 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 months",
   "stay": "Typically up to 1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted (purpose-dependent)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Can build towards Swedish permanent residence and long-term resident status here.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/residence-permit-for-long-term-residents-in-another-eu-country"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Swedish citizenship (naturalisation) for adults",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who meet the residence, identity, conduct and self-support requirements.",
   "charge": "~1,500 kr",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full citizen rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Citizenship is the final step; dual nationality is permitted in Sweden.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/swedish-citizenship-naturalisation-for-adults"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "se",
   "country": "Sweden",
   "code": "EU Permanent",
   "name": "Permanent right of residence for EU/EEA citizens",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "EU/EEA citizens who have had right of residence in Sweden for five continuous years.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "~Varies",
   "stay": "Permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A permanent settled status that can support an application for Swedish citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/se/permanent-right-of-residence-for-eu-eea-citizens"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Visitor Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For tourists, family visitors and business travellers wanting a short stay in Norway and the Schengen area.",
   "charge": "~NOK 1,000 (€90 adults; €45 children 6-12)",
   "processing_time": "~15 days (up to 45 days in complex cases)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days within any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to permanent residence; for longer stays you must apply for a residence permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/schengen-visitor-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Skilled Worker",
   "name": "Residence permit for skilled workers",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For qualified workers with a concrete job offer from a Norwegian employer.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the specified employer/occupation",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence after 3 years of continuous lawful residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-skilled-workers"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Job Seeker",
   "name": "Residence permit to seek work as a skilled worker",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For skilled workers who want to come to Norway to look for relevant employment.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months",
   "work_rights": "No work until a skilled-worker permit is granted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; you must convert to a skilled-worker permit, which counts towards PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-to-seek-work-as-a-skilled-worker"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Post-Study Job Seeker",
   "name": "Residence permit to seek work after completed education or research",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For graduates and researchers who have finished studies/research in Norway and want to find skilled work.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Full and part-time work permitted while seeking skilled employment",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; convert to a skilled-worker permit to build towards PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-to-seek-work-after-completed-education-or-research"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Seasonal Work",
   "name": "Residence permit for seasonal work",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For workers taking seasonal jobs such as agriculture, tourism or holiday-cover positions.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal work for the specified employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to PR; seasonal permits do not count towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-seasonal-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Self-Employed",
   "name": "Residence permit for self-employed persons (sole proprietorship)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For skilled people running their own sole proprietorship delivering services in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in your own registered business",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence after 3 years of continuous lawful residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-self-employed-persons-sole-proprietorship"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Service Provider",
   "name": "Residence permit for employees of a foreign company providing services",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For skilled employees of a foreign company posted to carry out a service assignment in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 6 years on a defined assignment",
   "work_rights": "Work limited to the specific service contract",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Generally does not count towards PR while tied to a posted-service assignment.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-employees-of-a-foreign-company-providing-services"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "ICT Transfer",
   "name": "Residence permit for intra-corporate transferees (ICT)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For managers, specialists or trainees transferred within a multinational group to a Norwegian branch.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (1 year for trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Work at the host entity in the transferred role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Intra-corporate transfer time generally does not count towards PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-intra-corporate-transferees-ict"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Study permit (residence permit for studies)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For students admitted to full-time higher education at an approved institution in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 5,400",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year at a time (renewable for the course)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work up to 20 hours/week and full-time in holidays",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study time does not count towards PR, but you can switch to a post-study job-seeker or work permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/study-permit-residence-permit-for-studies"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Residence permit for researchers with own funds / hired researcher",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For researchers employed by or funded to conduct research at a Norwegian institution.",
   "charge": "~NOK 5,400",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Research work at the institution (employed researchers)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Employed researchers' time may count towards permanent residence after 3 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-researchers-with-own-funds-hired-researcher"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Trainee",
   "name": "Residence permit for vocational training (trainees)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young people coming to Norway for time-limited vocational or practical training.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Training-related work only with the host employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Trainee time does not count towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-vocational-training-trainees"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working Holiday residence permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young people from countries with a working-holiday agreement combining travel and casual work.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,300",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (single, non-renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Casual/short-term work to fund the holiday",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to PR; the permit is a one-off and cannot be renewed.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/working-holiday-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au pair residence permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For young people doing cultural exchange while living with a Norwegian host family (scheme now closed).",
   "charge": "~NOK 9,300",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years total",
   "work_rights": "Light housework/childcare for the host family only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to PR; au pair time does not count towards permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/au-pair-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Family (Spouse)",
   "name": "Family immigration with a spouse",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For spouses of someone who lives in Norway with a permit, PR or Norwegian/Nordic citizenship.",
   "charge": "~NOK 11,900",
   "processing_time": "~3-10 months",
   "stay": "Usually same length as the reference person's permit",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights (permit usually allows work)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence, generally after 3 years of marriage/residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/family-immigration-with-a-spouse"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Family (Cohabitant)",
   "name": "Family immigration with a cohabitant",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For unmarried partners who have lived together with a reference person in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 11,900",
   "processing_time": "~3-10 months",
   "stay": "Usually same length as the reference person's permit",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights (permit usually allows work)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence, generally after 3 years of residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/family-immigration-with-a-cohabitant"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Fiancé",
   "name": "Residence permit for fiancés (intended spouse)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For fiancés of a Norwegian/Nordic citizen or settled resident planning to marry in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 11,900",
   "processing_time": "~3-8 months",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months (to marry, then apply as spouse)",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted during the permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; you must marry and switch to a spouse permit, which counts towards PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/residence-permit-for-fianc-s-intended-spouse"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Family (Child)",
   "name": "Family immigration for children",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For children under 18 joining a parent who lives in Norway with a permit, PR or citizenship.",
   "charge": "~NOK 5,950",
   "processing_time": "~3-10 months",
   "stay": "Usually same length as the parent's permit",
   "work_rights": "As permitted by age/permit",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence in line with the family's residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/family-immigration-for-children"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Family (Parent)",
   "name": "Family immigration for parents",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For parents (in limited cases) joining an adult child who is settled in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 11,900",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Usually same length as the reference person's status",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts towards permanent residence after the qualifying residence period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/family-immigration-for-parents"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "EU/EEA",
   "name": "Registration scheme for EU/EEA nationals",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Registration",
   "who_for": "For EU/EEA citizens (and their family) exercising free-movement rights to live and work in Norway.",
   "charge": "~NOK 0 (free of charge)",
   "processing_time": "~Same-day to a few weeks for an appointment",
   "stay": "As long as free-movement conditions are met",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to a right of permanent residence, generally after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/registration-scheme-for-eu-eea-nationals"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Protection",
   "name": "Protection (asylum) residence permit",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For people who need international protection from persecution or serious harm.",
   "charge": "~NOK 0 (no fee for asylum)",
   "processing_time": "~Several months to over a year",
   "stay": "Usually 3 or 5 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted once granted (and often while applying)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to permanent residence, typically after the qualifying years of lawful residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/protection-asylum-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Permanent",
   "name": "Permanent residence permit",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For residents who have lived legally in Norway long enough to settle indefinitely.",
   "charge": "~NOK 4,000 (free if based on 5 years' residence in some cases)",
   "processing_time": "~3-8 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; it provides extra protection against expulsion.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/permanent-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "no",
   "country": "Norway",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Norwegian citizenship by naturalisation",
   "category": "citizenship",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "For long-term residents who want to become Norwegian citizens.",
   "charge": "~NOK 6,500 (free for children)",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is full citizenship, including the right to a Norwegian passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/no/norwegian-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visitors coming to Denmark for tourism, family visits or business for up to 90 days.",
   "charge": "~€90 (DKK 672); €45 for children 6-12",
   "processing_time": "~15 calendar days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to permanent residence; for stays over 90 days a residence permit is required.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Pay Limit",
   "name": "Pay Limit Scheme (Beløbsordningen)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign nationals offered a Danish job with a salary above the annual minimum threshold.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for the specific employer/job",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years on the permit count toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/pay-limit-scheme-bel-bsordningen"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Supp. Pay Limit",
   "name": "Supplementary Pay Limit Scheme",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers from 16 selected countries offered a job paid above a lower supplementary threshold.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for the specific employer/job",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with supplementary conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/supplementary-pay-limit-scheme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Positive List HE",
   "name": "The Positive List for People with a Higher Education",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates offered a job in a profession on Denmark's shortage list for higher education.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for the listed job",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on the permit counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/the-positive-list-for-people-with-a-higher-education"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Positive List Skilled",
   "name": "The Positive List for Skilled Work",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Skilled tradespeople offered a job in a vocational profession on Denmark's shortage list.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for the listed job",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/the-positive-list-for-skilled-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Fast-Track",
   "name": "Fast-Track Scheme",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Employees of certified large employers needing to start work quickly or on multiple short stays.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month; can start work on filing under certain tracks",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights, with start-work-immediately track",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/fast-track-scheme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Researcher / Guest Researcher Residence Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers offered a research post or guest-researcher placement at a Danish institution.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years (or duration of project)",
   "work_rights": "Work rights for the research role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/researcher-guest-researcher-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Special Qualifications",
   "name": "Residence Permit Based on Special Individual Qualifications",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Exceptional specialists such as artists, chefs or athletes with rare qualifications.",
   "charge": "~DKK 6,055",
   "processing_time": "~1 month (up to 3 months)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work rights for the specialised role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/residence-permit-based-on-special-individual-qualifications"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Start-up DK",
   "name": "Start-up Denmark",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign entrepreneurs wanting to establish and run an innovative growth company in Denmark.",
   "charge": "~DKK 4,565",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months (panel assessment + SIRI)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, extendable 3 years at a time",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment in the approved business only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/start-up-denmark"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Trainee",
   "name": "Trainee Residence Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign nationals doing supervised vocational or professional traineeships in Denmark.",
   "charge": "~DKK 4,565",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 18 months (24 for agriculture/veterinary)",
   "work_rights": "Traineeship only, with set minimum pay",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Trainee time does not count toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/trainee-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au Pair Residence Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people living with a Danish host family doing light chores in exchange for board and pocket money.",
   "charge": "~DKK 4,565 (paid by host family)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 24 months",
   "work_rights": "Light household duties for host family only (max ~30 hrs/week)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Au pair stays do not count toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/au-pair-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working Holiday Programme",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people from partner countries combining a holiday in Denmark with incidental work.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Incidental work allowed to fund the holiday",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Working holiday stays do not count toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/working-holiday-programme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Student Residence Permit (Higher Education)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students admitted to a Danish higher-education programme.",
   "charge": "~DKK 2,490",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the programme",
   "work_rights": "Up to 20 hrs/week (full-time in June-August)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study time counts only partly; PR usually requires switching to a work permit after graduation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/student-residence-permit-higher-education"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "PhD",
   "name": "PhD Student Residence Permit",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Doctoral candidates enrolled in a PhD programme at a Danish university.",
   "charge": "~DKK 2,490 (or work-permit fee if employed PhD)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the PhD programme",
   "work_rights": "Work rights alongside PhD (employed PhDs work full-time on the project)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "PhD time can count toward permanent residence, especially for employed (salaried) PhDs.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/phd-student-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Establishment Card",
   "name": "Establishment Card (Post-Study Job Search & Work)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Recent graduates of Danish higher education wanting to stay to seek and take up work.",
   "charge": "~DKK 2,490",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (3 years after a Danish master's/PhD)",
   "work_rights": "Free to work and be self-employed without a separate permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on the card counts toward permanent residence if other conditions are met.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/establishment-card-post-study-job-search-and-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Spouse/Partner",
   "name": "Family Reunification with Spouse or Cohabiting Partner",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, registered partners or long-term cohabitees of a person settled in Denmark.",
   "charge": "~DKK 8,490",
   "processing_time": "~7-10 months",
   "stay": "Renewable, tied to the relationship",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/family-reunification-with-spouse-or-cohabiting-partner"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Accompanying Family",
   "name": "Accompanying Family of a Worker, Student or Researcher",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, partners and children joining a person who holds a Danish work, study or researcher permit.",
   "charge": "~DKK 2,380",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Same duration as the main applicant's permit",
   "work_rights": "Spouse/partner usually has full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/accompanying-family-of-a-worker-student-or-researcher"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Child",
   "name": "Family Reunification with a Child",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Children under 15 joining a parent who is settled or holds a residence permit in Denmark.",
   "charge": "~DKK 2,380",
   "processing_time": "~7-10 months",
   "stay": "Renewable, until adulthood",
   "work_rights": "Age-appropriate; full rights at majority",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence after 8 years (or 4 with extra conditions).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/family-reunification-with-a-child"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Permanent",
   "name": "Permanent Residence Permit",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who meet Denmark's integration, employment and language conditions.",
   "charge": "~DKK 7,035",
   "processing_time": "~8-10 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (indefinite)",
   "work_rights": "Full, unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; it is a step toward Danish citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/permanent-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Danish Citizenship by Naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Permanent residents seeking to become Danish citizens by naturalisation.",
   "charge": "~DKK 4,000",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months (decided via a parliamentary bill)",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full citizen rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Citizenship is the final settlement status; dual citizenship is permitted.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/danish-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "dk",
   "country": "Denmark",
   "code": "Greencard",
   "name": "Greencard Scheme (Points-Based Job Seeker)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Previously, jobseekers who scored enough points on education, language, age and work experience.",
   "charge": "No longer available",
   "processing_time": "Not applicable (closed)",
   "stay": "Was up to 3 years (historic permits could be extended)",
   "work_rights": "Was full work and job-search rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Closed since June 2016; existing holders followed standard PR rules.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/dk/greencard-scheme-points-based-job-seeker"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visitors coming to Switzerland for tourism, family visits, business meetings or events for up to 90 days.",
   "charge": "~CHF 90 (€90); reduced €45 for children 6-11",
   "processing_time": "~15 calendar days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; a separate long-stay D visa and permit are needed to settle.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Visa D",
   "name": "National Long-Stay Visa (Type D)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Entry visa",
   "who_for": "Non-EU/EFTA nationals authorised to live in Switzerland who need an entry visa to collect their residence permit.",
   "charge": "~CHF 100 (€88); free for students enrolling in degree studies",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks (after cantonal authorisation)",
   "stay": "Single entry to take up an approved residence permit",
   "work_rights": "Per the underlying permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to the residence permit (L/B/study) that was approved by the canton.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/national-long-stay-visa-type-d"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit L",
   "name": "L EU/EFTA Permit (Short-Term Residence)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "EU/EFTA nationals with a Swiss employment contract of three months to under one year.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal issuance fee",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the contract (under 1 year), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for the declared employer/activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Converting to a B permit and accumulating residence builds toward a C settlement permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/l-eu-efta-permit-short-term-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit L (non-EU)",
   "name": "L Permit for Third-Country Nationals (Short-Term)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Qualified non-EU/EFTA workers hired short-term (up to one year) within the federal quota.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (plus employer processing costs)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months (extendable in limited cases)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the sponsoring employer only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on an L permit counts little toward settlement; switching to a B permit is the route forward.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/l-permit-for-third-country-nationals-short-term"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit B",
   "name": "B EU/EFTA Permit (Resident Foreign National)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "EU/EFTA nationals with a permanent or 12-month-plus Swiss employment contract.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal issuance fee",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full labour-market access",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "C settlement permit after 5 years of continuous residence for most EU/EFTA nationals.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/b-eu-efta-permit-resident-foreign-national"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit B (non-EU)",
   "name": "B Permit for Third-Country Nationals (Resident Worker)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Qualified non-EU/EFTA professionals with a long-term Swiss job, admitted within the federal quota.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (plus employer processing costs)",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for the approved employer/position",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "C settlement permit normally after 10 years (or 5 with strong integration in some cases).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/b-permit-for-third-country-nationals-resident-worker"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Specialist",
   "name": "Admission of Highly Qualified Third-Country Workers",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified managers, specialists and academics from outside the EU/EFTA needed by a Swiss employer.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (employer bears recruitment/processing)",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Issued as L (under 1 year) or B (1 year+), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work in the approved specialist role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Follows the L or B permit pathway toward a C settlement permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/admission-of-highly-qualified-third-country-workers"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit G",
   "name": "G Permit (Cross-Border Commuter)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who work in Switzerland but keep their main residence abroad and return there weekly.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal issuance fee",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "5 years (EU/EFTA, contract 1 year+); tied to contract otherwise",
   "work_rights": "Work anywhere in Switzerland (border zone for non-EU)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No settlement pathway while commuting; residence must be taken up in Switzerland to count.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/g-permit-cross-border-commuter"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Self-Employed",
   "name": "Residence Permit for Self-Employment",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Entrepreneurs setting up or running their own business in Switzerland.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (plus business set-up costs)",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Issued as B (1 year+), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Run the registered self-employed activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Follows the B permit route toward a C settlement permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/residence-permit-for-self-employment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Residence Permit for Study",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Students admitted to a recognised Swiss university, college or school for full-time study.",
   "charge": "Degree-study D visa free; ~CHF 65-150 cantonal permit fee",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the course (renewed yearly)",
   "work_rights": "Limited part-time work (~15 hrs/week, conditions apply)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study years count partly; graduates may switch to a work permit and later settle.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/residence-permit-for-study"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Post-Study",
   "name": "Stay to Seek Work After Graduation",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU/EFTA graduates of Swiss universities looking for a job in their field after completing studies.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months to find qualified employment",
   "work_rights": "Limited part-time work while searching",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Securing qualified work converts to a B/L permit, then the settlement route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/stay-to-seek-work-after-graduation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Residence Permit for Researchers and Scientists",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Academic researchers and scientists hosted by a Swiss university or research institution.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Issued as L or B for the research project, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Research at the hosting institution",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Follows the L/B permit route toward a C settlement permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/residence-permit-for-researchers-and-scientists"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Trainee",
   "name": "Trainee / Young Professional Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young professionals aged 18-35 gaining work experience under a bilateral trainee agreement.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (no labour-market test under the agreement)",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months (occasionally extendable to 18)",
   "work_rights": "Trainee work in the field of qualification",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Short-term and not designed to lead to settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/trainee-young-professional-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au Pair Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people aged 17-30 living with a Swiss host family to help with childcare and learn a language.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (plus agency costs)",
   "processing_time": "~6-10 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Light household/childcare duties for the host family",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Temporary cultural-exchange stay with no settlement pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/au-pair-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Family (Spouse)",
   "name": "Family Reunification - Spouse / Registered Partner",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses and registered partners joining a resident or Swiss citizen in Switzerland.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (plus D visa where required)",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Matches the sponsor's permit (B/C), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Generally full work rights once the permit is granted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to a C settlement permit, typically after 5 years (sooner with a Swiss/C-permit sponsor).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/family-reunification-spouse-registered-partner"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Family (Child)",
   "name": "Family Reunification - Children",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Dependent children joining a resident parent or Swiss-citizen parent in Switzerland.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Matches the parent's permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Per age and permit type",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Children integrate into the family's settlement pathway.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/family-reunification-children"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Partnership",
   "name": "Family Reunification via Registered Partnership",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Same-sex registered partners of Swiss citizens or permit holders joining them in Switzerland.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee (plus D visa where required)",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Matches the sponsor's permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Generally full work rights once granted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Same settlement pathway as spousal reunification (C permit, typically after 5 years).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/family-reunification-via-registered-partnership"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit C",
   "name": "C Settlement Permit (Permanent Residence)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents granted open-ended permanent residence in Switzerland.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal issuance fee",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Permanent (card renewed every 5 years)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work, including self-employment",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is permanent residence; holders may seek ordinary naturalisation after meeting residence requirements.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/c-settlement-permit-permanent-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Early C",
   "name": "Early C Settlement Permit (Successful Integration)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Well-integrated foreign nationals granted permanent residence after 5 years instead of 10.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal issuance fee",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 weeks",
   "stay": "Permanent (card renewed every 5 years)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work and self-employment",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Is permanent residence and shortens the timeline to later naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/early-c-settlement-permit-successful-integration"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "Swiss Citizenship - Ordinary Naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term C-permit holders applying to become Swiss citizens through the standard process.",
   "charge": "Federal ~CHF 100 single / CHF 150 family, plus cantonal/communal fees (often CHF 500-2,000+)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers Swiss citizenship and a Swiss passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/swiss-citizenship-ordinary-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Facilitated",
   "name": "Swiss Citizenship - Simplified Naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Spouses of Swiss citizens and third-generation residents eligible for the faster federal procedure.",
   "charge": "Federal fee ~CHF 900",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 years",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Confers Swiss citizenship and a Swiss passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/swiss-citizenship-simplified-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum and Recognised Refugee Status (Permit B)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who flee persecution and are recognised as refugees in Switzerland.",
   "charge": "No fee to claim asylum",
   "processing_time": "~months (accelerated and extended procedures)",
   "stay": "Renewable B permit while refugee status lasts",
   "work_rights": "Permitted after recognition (notification to authorities)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Recognised refugees may obtain a C settlement permit after 10 years (5 with strong integration).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/asylum-and-recognised-refugee-status-permit-b"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Permit F",
   "name": "Temporarily Admitted Persons (Permit F)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who cannot be returned home (war, danger, or inadmissible removal) and are admitted temporarily.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "Linked to the underlying asylum/removal procedure",
   "stay": "12 months, renewable while removal remains unreasonable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted (notification to authorities)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years, a humanitarian B permit (hardship) may be granted, then the settlement route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/temporarily-admitted-persons-permit-f"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ch",
   "country": "Switzerland",
   "code": "Hardship B",
   "name": "Hardship Case Residence Permit (Cas de Rigueur)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People in serious personal hardship granted a residence permit on discretionary humanitarian grounds.",
   "charge": "~CHF 65-150 cantonal fee",
   "processing_time": "~several months (discretionary)",
   "stay": "B permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted once granted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A granted hardship B permit can lead to a C settlement permit over time.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ch/hardship-case-residence-permit-cas-de-rigueur"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visitors coming to Spain for tourism, family visits, or business for up to 90 days.",
   "charge": "~€90 (~€45 for children 6-11)",
   "processing_time": "~15 days (up to 45 days)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; for living in Spain you must apply for a national (Type D) visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Schengen A",
   "name": "Airport Transit Visa (Type A)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Transit",
   "who_for": "Nationals of certain countries transiting through a Spanish international airport without entering Schengen.",
   "charge": "~€90",
   "processing_time": "~15 days",
   "stay": "Airport international zone only",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No path to residence; transit only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/airport-transit-visa-type-a"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "NLV",
   "name": "Non-Lucrative Residence Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary residence",
   "who_for": "People with sufficient passive income or savings who want to live in Spain without working.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + ~€16 residence fee (higher for US/UK/Canada/Australia by reciprocity)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "1 year initial, renewable 2+2 years",
   "work_rights": "No economic activity in Spain",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence and 10 years for citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/non-lucrative-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Cuenta Ajena",
   "name": "Residence and Work Authorisation (Employed)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU workers with a Spanish employer job offer under the general work regime.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + work authorisation tasa ~€204 (790-062, employer-paid)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year initial, renewals up to 4 years",
   "work_rights": "Employment with the sponsoring employer/occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence apply for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/residence-and-work-authorisation-employed"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "HQP",
   "name": "Highly Qualified Professional (Ley 14/2013)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified staff or managers hired by a Spanish company under the Entrepreneurs' Law fast track.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€75 (790-038)",
   "processing_time": "~20 working days",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable 2 years",
   "work_rights": "Qualified/management role with the sponsor",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/highly-qualified-professional-ley-14-2013"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified non-EU professionals with a Spanish job offer meeting the salary threshold.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€410 (790-062)",
   "processing_time": "~20-90 days",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable; EU mobility rights",
   "work_rights": "Qualified employment with the sponsor",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time in other EU states can count toward EU long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/eu-blue-card"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "DNV",
   "name": "Digital Nomad Visa (International Teleworker)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Remote workers and freelancers working for non-Spanish clients or employers from Spain.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€75 (790-038)",
   "processing_time": "~20 working days (UGE)",
   "stay": "3 years (UGE) or 1 year (consulate), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Remote work for non-Spanish companies (max 20% Spanish clients)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence; possible 24% Beckham-style tax option.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/digital-nomad-visa-international-teleworker"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Entrepreneur",
   "name": "Entrepreneur Visa (Ley 14/2013)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Founders launching an innovative, high-tech or scalable business of general interest in Spain.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€75 (790-038)",
   "processing_time": "~20 working days",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Run and work in your own innovative venture",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/entrepreneur-visa-ley-14-2013"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Cuenta Propia",
   "name": "Self-Employed Residence and Work Authorisation",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU nationals starting a freelance activity or business under the general self-employment regime.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€201 (790-062)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year initial, renewals up to 4 years",
   "work_rights": "Self-employed/autónomo activity stated in the plan",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence apply for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/self-employed-residence-and-work-authorisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "ICT",
   "name": "Intra-Company Transfer Permit (Ley 14/2013)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Employees transferred to a Spanish branch within the same company or group.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€75 (790-038)",
   "processing_time": "~20 working days",
   "stay": "Duration of the transfer, typically up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Assignment with the Spanish group entity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/intra-company-transfer-permit-ley-14-2013"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Researcher Residence Authorisation (Ley 14/2013)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers with a hosting agreement from a Spanish research body or university.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + authorisation tasa ~€75 (790-038)",
   "processing_time": "~20 working days",
   "stay": "Duration of the research project, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Research and teaching at the host institution",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence; EU mobility for research.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/researcher-residence-authorisation-ley-14-2013"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Seasonal",
   "name": "Seasonal / Temporary Work Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers hired for seasonal activity such as agriculture or tourism for a limited period.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + work authorisation tasa ~€204 (employer-paid)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 9 months in a 12-month period",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal employment in the stated sector",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR path; commitment to return at season's end.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/seasonal-temporary-work-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Job Search",
   "name": "Job-Search / Employment Authorisation Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates and qualified jobseekers entering Spain to look for work or start a business.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year to find work (extended under RD 1155/2024)",
   "work_rights": "Permitted once you find a job and register",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "On finding work, switch to a residence/work authorisation toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/job-search-employment-authorisation-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Student Residence Visa (Estudios)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU students enrolled in full-time study, research or training in Spain over 90 days.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa (varies by reciprocity, e.g. higher for US)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the course/programme, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Part-time up to 30 hours/week if compatible with studies",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study time counts at half-rate; switch to work permit on a job offer, then long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/student-residence-visa-estudios"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au Pair / Cultural Exchange Stay",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people living with a Spanish host family to learn the language in exchange for childcare help.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Typically up to 1 year",
   "work_rights": "Light childcare/household help for the host family only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR path; can switch to study or work routes afterwards.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/au-pair-cultural-exchange-stay"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Reagrupación",
   "name": "Family Reunification (Reagrupación Familiar)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary residence",
   "who_for": "Relatives of a legally resident non-EU sponsor in Spain who meet income and housing rules.",
   "charge": "~€80 visa + residence authorisation tasa ~€16 per relative",
   "processing_time": "~2-3 months after authorisation",
   "stay": "Linked to the sponsor's permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Spouse and adult children may work; minors as allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/family-reunification-reagrupaci-n-familiar"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Familiar UE",
   "name": "Family Member of a Spanish/EU Citizen",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EU spouses, partners, children and dependent relatives of Spanish or EU citizens.",
   "charge": "~€12 card fee (Modelo 790-012)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "5-year residence and work card, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights from day one",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years, permanent residence as a family member of an EU citizen.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/family-member-of-a-spanish-eu-citizen"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Golden Visa",
   "name": "Investor Residence Visa (Golden Visa)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Residence by investment",
   "who_for": "Non-EU investors who placed qualifying capital (e.g. €500k property) in Spain - now closed.",
   "charge": "Closed; was ~€80 visa + authorisation tasa plus the qualifying investment",
   "processing_time": "Closed (was ~20 working days)",
   "stay": "Was 3 years, renewable for 5 (existing holders keep rights)",
   "work_rights": "Was permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Closed to new applicants since 3 April 2025; existing holders may still renew and reach long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/investor-residence-visa-golden-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum / International Protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People fleeing persecution or serious harm who seek refugee status or subsidiary protection in Spain.",
   "charge": "Free",
   "processing_time": "~6-24 months",
   "stay": "During assessment; 5-year residence if protection granted",
   "work_rights": "Permitted ~6 months after lodging the claim",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Protection status leads to long-term residence and later citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/asylum-international-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Arraigo Laboral",
   "name": "Arraigo Sociolaboral (Roots through Work)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Exceptional residence",
   "who_for": "Undocumented migrants with 2 years in Spain and a work contract who regularise their status.",
   "charge": "~€38 residence authorisation tasa",
   "processing_time": "~3 months",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted with the qualifying contract (≥ 20 hrs/week)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/arraigo-sociolaboral-roots-through-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Arraigo Formación",
   "name": "Arraigo for Training (Roots through Training)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Exceptional residence",
   "who_for": "Long-resident undocumented migrants who commit to vocational training to regularise their status.",
   "charge": "~€38 residence authorisation tasa",
   "processing_time": "~3 months",
   "stay": "12 months, extendable to complete training",
   "work_rights": "Permitted once training/qualification leads to work authorisation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "On finishing training and finding work, switch to a work permit toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/arraigo-for-training-roots-through-training"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Arraigo Familiar",
   "name": "Arraigo Familiar (Roots through Family)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Exceptional residence",
   "who_for": "Migrants with close family ties to Spanish nationals or resident minors regularising their stay.",
   "charge": "~€38 residence authorisation tasa",
   "processing_time": "~3 months",
   "stay": "5 years residence and work, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years apply for long-term residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/arraigo-familiar-roots-through-family"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Segunda Oportunidad",
   "name": "Arraigo Second Chance (Roots Renewal)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Exceptional residence",
   "who_for": "People who previously held a residence permit and fell out of status, regularising again.",
   "charge": "~€38 residence authorisation tasa",
   "processing_time": "~3 months",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward 5 years for long-term residence once back in status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/arraigo-second-chance-roots-renewal"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Larga Duración",
   "name": "Long-Term Residence (Residencia de Larga Duración)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Residents who have lived legally and continuously in Spain for 5 years.",
   "charge": "~€22 authorisation tasa + ~€16 TIE card",
   "processing_time": "~3 months",
   "stay": "Indefinite; TIE card renewed every 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights, employed or self-employed",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; leads to citizenship after the required residence period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/long-term-residence-residencia-de-larga-duraci-n"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Larga Duración-UE",
   "name": "EU Long-Term Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Five-year residents seeking long-term status with mobility rights across the EU.",
   "charge": "~€22 authorisation tasa + ~€16 TIE card",
   "processing_time": "~3 months",
   "stay": "Indefinite; card renewed every 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights, with EU mobility",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Permanent EU status; can ease moving to and residing in other EU states.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/eu-long-term-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "es",
   "country": "Spain",
   "code": "Nacionalidad",
   "name": "Spanish Citizenship by Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents naturalising after the qualifying period of legal residence in Spain.",
   "charge": "~€104 application fee (Modelo 790-026) plus exam fees",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 years",
   "stay": "Permanent - Spanish nationality",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants full Spanish (and EU) citizenship and a passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/es/spanish-citizenship-by-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Type C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Uniform Visa, Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Non-EU travellers visiting Italy for tourism, family visits, business meetings or events for up to 90 days.",
   "charge": "~€90 (~€45 for children 6-11; free under 6)",
   "processing_time": "~15 days (up to 45 in complex cases)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to residence or PR; it is a temporary travel visa only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/schengen-short-stay-visa-uniform-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Lavoro Subordinato",
   "name": "Subordinate Work Visa (Decreto Flussi quota)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU workers with an Italian employer applying within the annual Decreto Flussi quota.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit (kit, stamp, fees)",
   "processing_time": "~6+ months (quota click-day, nulla osta, then visa)",
   "stay": "Tied to contract, typically up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Employment with the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable; after 5 years of legal residence you can seek the EU long-term residence permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/subordinate-work-visa-decreto-flussi-quota"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Lavoro Stagionale",
   "name": "Seasonal Work Visa (lavoro stagionale)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU workers hired for seasonal agriculture or tourism roles under the Decreto Flussi seasonal quota.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months after the quota opens",
   "stay": "20 days to 9 months per year",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal employment in the named sector",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Workers returning for two consecutive seasons gain priority and may convert to multi-year permits over time.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/seasonal-work-visa-lavoro-stagionale"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card (Carta Blu UE)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified non-EU professionals with a degree or skills and a qualifying Italian job offer.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months (outside the standard Flussi quota)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (or contract length plus 3 months), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Highly qualified employment; easier intra-EU mobility",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the EU long-term residence permit, with time in other EU states aggregable.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/eu-blue-card-carta-blu-ue"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Lavoro Autonomo",
   "name": "Self-Employment Visa (lavoro autonomo)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU entrepreneurs, freelancers, professionals or company directors setting up self-employed activity in Italy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~3-6 months (subject to annual quota)",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Self-employed / professional activity as authorised",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable and counts toward the EU long-term residence permit after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/self-employment-visa-lavoro-autonomo"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "ICT",
   "name": "Intra-Company Transfer Visa (ICT)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Managers, specialists or trainees transferred to an Italian branch of their multinational employer.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "Nulla osta ~45 days, then visa ~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years (managers/specialists); 1 year (trainees)",
   "work_rights": "Assignment with the Italian group entity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Time on ICT permits can count toward long-term residence if the worker later switches to a qualifying permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/intra-company-transfer-visa-ict"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Research Visa (Scientific Research)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU researchers hosted by an approved Italian research organisation under a hosting agreement.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months (outside the Flussi quota)",
   "stay": "Duration of the research project, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Research and related teaching at the host institution",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the EU long-term residence permit; mobility across EU host institutions is facilitated.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/research-visa-scientific-research"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Digital Nomad",
   "name": "Digital Nomad / Remote Worker Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly skilled non-EU remote workers and freelancers working for non-Italian clients or employers from Italy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Remote work for foreign employers/clients (highly skilled)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable yearly and counts toward the EU long-term residence permit after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/digital-nomad-remote-worker-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Startup Visa",
   "name": "Italia Startup Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU founders launching an innovative startup in Italy with a viable business plan.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "Nulla osta ~30 days, then visa ~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Self-employed activity running the startup",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable and counts toward the EU long-term residence permit after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/italia-startup-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Investor Visa",
   "name": "Investor Visa for Italy (Golden Visa)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU investors making a qualifying investment in Italian companies, startups, bonds or philanthropy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ permit; investment €250k-€2m",
   "processing_time": "Nulla osta ~30 days; full process ~3-6 months",
   "stay": "2 years, renewable for 3 more if investment maintained",
   "work_rights": "Permitted; investor may manage and work in Italy",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable; counts toward the EU long-term residence permit after 5 years if the investment is maintained.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/investor-visa-for-italy-golden-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Elective Residence",
   "name": "Elective Residence Visa (Residenza Elettiva)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Financially self-sufficient non-EU nationals, often retirees, who want to live in Italy without working.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "No work or active income-earning activity allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable; after 5 years of residence you can apply for the EU long-term residence permit.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/elective-residence-visa-residenza-elettiva"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "National Student Visa (Type D - Study)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU students enrolled in a university, higher-education or long course in Italy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-8 weeks after pre-enrolment confirmed",
   "stay": "Duration of the course, renewable yearly",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work up to 20 hours/week (1,040 hrs/year)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study time counts at half toward the EU long-term residence permit; can convert to a work permit on graduation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/national-student-visa-type-d-study"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Training",
   "name": "Study / Vocational Training & Internship Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU nationals coming for vocational training, a traineeship or a structured internship in Italy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the programme (typically up to 12-18 months)",
   "work_rights": "Training/internship only, as defined by the programme",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Generally a temporary stay; may be followed by a work permit if a job offer is secured.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/study-vocational-training-and-internship-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Working Holiday Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young people aged 18-30/35 from partner countries (e.g. Australia, NZ, Canada, South Korea) combining travel and casual work.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Casual/incidental work to fund the holiday",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not lead to PR; intended as a one-off cultural exchange stay.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/working-holiday-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Au Pair",
   "name": "Au Pair Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Young non-EU people living with an Italian host family to learn the language while helping with childcare.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Up to 12 months",
   "work_rights": "Light childcare/household help for the host family",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A temporary cultural-exchange stay that does not lead directly to PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/au-pair-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Family Reunion",
   "name": "Family Reunification Visa (Ricongiungimento Familiare)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Close family members joining a non-EU resident who legally lives in Italy with a suitable permit.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "Nulla osta ~up to 90 days, then visa ~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Aligned to the sponsor's permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted for spouses and adult dependants",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the EU long-term residence permit; spouses may later naturalise.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/family-reunification-visa-ricongiungimento-familiare"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Family Cohesion",
   "name": "Family Cohesion / Accompanying Family Visa (Coesione Familiare)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Family members accompanying a worker, student or other entrant, or already in Italy joining a resident sponsor.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Aligned to the sponsor's permit, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted for spouses and adult dependants",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the EU long-term residence permit alongside the sponsor.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/family-cohesion-accompanying-family-visa-coesione-familiare"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "EU Family Card",
   "name": "Residence Card for Family of an EU/Italian Citizen",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU family members of an Italian or other EU citizen exercising free-movement rights in Italy.",
   "charge": "~€30 card issuance + stamp duty (no quota)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "5 years (carta di soggiorno), then permanent card",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to a permanent residence card after 5 years; spouses of Italians may naturalise.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/residence-card-for-family-of-an-eu-italian-citizen"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Spouse Visa",
   "name": "Spouse / Partner of an Italian Citizen Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU spouses or registered partners of an Italian citizen joining them to live in Italy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€30 card; reduced stamp duties",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "5-year residence card, renewable/permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Path to citizenship by marriage after 2 years' residence (3 if abroad), halved with children.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/spouse-partner-of-an-italian-citizen-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Religious",
   "name": "Religious Reasons Visa (Motivi Religiosi)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Clergy, missionaries and members of religious orders carrying out religious activity in Italy.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the assignment, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Religious ministry/duties only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable and can count toward the EU long-term residence permit after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/religious-reasons-visa-motivi-religiosi"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Medical",
   "name": "Medical Treatment Visa (Cure Mediche)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Non-EU patients travelling to Italy for medical care, with an optional accompanying carer.",
   "charge": "~€90 (short stay) or ~€116 (national)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of treatment (can exceed 90 days with a permit)",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A temporary stay for treatment that does not lead to PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/medical-treatment-visa-cure-mediche"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Sports",
   "name": "Sporting Activity Visa (Attività Sportiva)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Professional athletes, coaches and sports staff joining an Italian club or federation.",
   "charge": "~€116 visa + ~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 months",
   "stay": "Duration of the contract/season, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Sporting activity with the named club/federation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable; can count toward the EU long-term residence permit after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/sporting-activity-visa-attivit-sportiva"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Long-Term EU",
   "name": "EU Long-Term Residence Permit (Permesso di Soggiorno UE)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EU residents who have lived legally in Italy for at least 5 years and meet income and integration tests.",
   "charge": "~€100+ (electronic permit, stamp duty, postal kit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Indefinite (card renewed; status permanent)",
   "work_rights": "Full, unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This IS Italy's permanent residence status and a stepping stone to citizenship after 10 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/eu-long-term-residence-permit-permesso-di-soggiorno-ue"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "Italian Citizenship by Naturalisation (Residence)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term legal residents (generally 10 years for non-EU, 4 for EU) seeking Italian citizenship.",
   "charge": "~€250 application fee",
   "processing_time": "~24-48 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (Italian/EU citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full citizen rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants full Italian and EU citizenship with the right to a passport.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/italian-citizenship-by-naturalisation-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "By Marriage",
   "name": "Italian Citizenship by Marriage",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Foreign spouses or partners of an Italian citizen applying for citizenship after a qualifying period.",
   "charge": "~€250 application fee",
   "processing_time": "~24-36 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (Italian/EU citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full citizen rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Grants full Italian and EU citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/italian-citizenship-by-marriage"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Jure Sanguinis",
   "name": "Italian Citizenship by Descent (Jure Sanguinis)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "People with a qualifying Italian-citizen parent or grandparent claiming citizenship by bloodline.",
   "charge": "~€600+ consular fee (plus document/legalisation costs)",
   "processing_time": "~12-36 months (varies widely by route)",
   "stay": "Permanent (Italian/EU citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full citizen rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Recognises existing Italian citizenship with full passport rights.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/italian-citizenship-by-descent-jure-sanguinis"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum / International Protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People in Italy seeking refugee status or subsidiary protection due to persecution or serious harm.",
   "charge": "No fee to claim protection",
   "processing_time": "~6-18 months for the Territorial Commission decision",
   "stay": "5 years (refugee status); 5 years (subsidiary), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Permitted (after a short initial period as an applicant)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Refugees can seek long-term residence and naturalisation (5 years' residence for citizenship).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/asylum-international-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "it",
   "country": "Italy",
   "code": "Special Protection",
   "name": "Special Protection Permit (Protezione Speciale)",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People who cannot be removed from Italy due to risk or strong private/family-life ties, where asylum does not apply.",
   "charge": "~€100+ residence permit costs",
   "processing_time": "~several months",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable; convertible to work permit",
   "work_rights": "Permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Can be converted to a work permit and count toward long-term residence over time.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/it/special-protection-permit-protezione-speciale"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Schengen C",
   "name": "Schengen Short-Stay Visa (Type C)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Non-EU travellers visiting Portugal and the Schengen Area for tourism, family, or business trips.",
   "charge": "~€90 (~€45 for children 6-11)",
   "processing_time": "~15 days (up to 45 in busy periods)",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days in any 180-day period",
   "work_rights": "No work allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to residence; you must apply for a national (D) visa to settle.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/schengen-short-stay-visa-type-c"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Schengen A",
   "name": "Airport Transit Visa (Type A)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Transit",
   "who_for": "Certain nationals transiting through a Portuguese international airport without entering the Schengen Area.",
   "charge": "~€90",
   "processing_time": "~15 days",
   "stay": "Transit only, no entry into Schengen territory",
   "work_rights": "No work allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/airport-transit-visa-type-a"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Temporary Stay",
   "name": "Temporary Stay National Visa (Type E)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People staying in Portugal for less than one year for medical treatment, seasonal/temporary work, study, or accompanying family.",
   "charge": "~€75 (national visa)",
   "processing_time": "~30-60 days",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year, multiple entries, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Allowed for the specific authorised activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Does not count toward permanent residence; switch to a residence visa to build PR time.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/temporary-stay-national-visa-type-e"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Seasonal Work",
   "name": "Seasonal Work Temporary Stay Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU workers with a seasonal job offer in agriculture, tourism, or similar sectors in Portugal.",
   "charge": "~€75 (national visa)",
   "processing_time": "~30-60 days",
   "stay": "Up to 9 months per 12-month period",
   "work_rights": "Seasonal employment with the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Seasonal stays do not count toward permanent residence; convert to a D1 residence visa for PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/seasonal-work-temporary-stay-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D1",
   "name": "D1 Residence Visa for Subordinate Work",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU nationals with an employment contract from a Portuguese employer for salaried (subordinate) work.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days (legal maximum)",
   "stay": "Visa valid 4 months/2 entries, then residence permit 2 years, renewable for 3",
   "work_rights": "Employed work with the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for permanent residence and then citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d1-residence-visa-for-subordinate-work"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D2",
   "name": "D2 Residence Visa for Entrepreneurs and Independent Workers",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Entrepreneurs, freelancers, and independent service providers starting or running a business or self-employment in Portugal.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60-90 days",
   "stay": "Visa valid 4 months/2 entries, then residence permit 2 years, renewable for 3",
   "work_rights": "Self-employment or running your own company",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for permanent residence and then citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d2-residence-visa-for-entrepreneurs-and-independent-workers"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D3",
   "name": "D3 Residence Visa for Highly Qualified Activity",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified professionals with specialised technical skills or higher qualifications and a Portuguese job or service contract.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "Visa valid 4 months/2 entries, then residence permit 2 years, renewable for 3",
   "work_rights": "Highly qualified employment or service provision",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for permanent residence and then citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d3-residence-visa-for-highly-qualified-activity"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Tech Visa",
   "name": "Tech Visa (Certification for Highly Qualified Workers)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Skilled non-EU workers hired by a Portuguese tech/innovation company certified under the government Tech Visa programme.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit (company certification free)",
   "processing_time": "~30 days once company is certified",
   "stay": "Residence permit 2 years, renewable for 3",
   "work_rights": "Employment with the certified sponsoring company",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for permanent residence and then citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/tech-visa-certification-for-highly-qualified-workers"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "EU Blue Card",
   "name": "EU Blue Card (Portugal)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified non-EU workers with a high-salary job offer in Portugal seeking EU-wide mobility.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "Residence permit up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Highly qualified employment, with intra-EU mobility rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence and the EU long-term resident status after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/eu-blue-card-portugal"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D8",
   "name": "D8 Digital Nomad Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Remote workers and freelancers earning income from outside Portugal who want to live there while working remotely.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "Temporary-stay (1 year) or residence permit (2 years, renewable for 3)",
   "work_rights": "Remote work for non-Portuguese employers/clients",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "The residence-permit version counts toward permanent residence and citizenship after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d8-digital-nomad-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Job Seeker",
   "name": "Job-Seeking Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU nationals who want to enter Portugal to look for a job before securing an employment contract.",
   "charge": "~€110 (national visa)",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "120 days, renewable once for 60 more (single entry)",
   "work_rights": "May start work once a contract is signed, then switch to a residence permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "If you find work, request a residence permit from AIMA; the residence time then counts toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/job-seeking-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D4",
   "name": "D4 Residence Visa for Study, Internship or Volunteering",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU students enrolled in a Portuguese higher-education programme, internship, or volunteer scheme.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "Duration of the course, residence permit 1-2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work allowed (up to ~20 hours/week during term)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Study time counts at half-rate toward the 5-year residence requirement for PR/citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d4-residence-visa-for-study-internship-or-volunteering"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Student Mobility",
   "name": "Student Mobility / Erasmus Residence Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Students on EU mobility or exchange programmes (e.g. Erasmus+) studying part of their course in Portugal.",
   "charge": "~€75-€110 (national visa)",
   "processing_time": "~30-60 days",
   "stay": "Duration of the mobility programme (often up to 1 year)",
   "work_rights": "Limited part-time work as for students",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Short mobility periods rarely count materially toward PR; transfer to a D4 visa for a full degree.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/student-mobility-erasmus-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Research",
   "name": "Residence Visa for Scientific Research and Higher Education Teaching",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers and academics with a hosting agreement from a Portuguese research body or university.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "Residence permit 1-2 years, renewable, with EU mobility",
   "work_rights": "Research and teaching for the host institution",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Residence time counts toward permanent residence and citizenship after 5 years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/residence-visa-for-scientific-research-and-higher-education-teaching"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D6",
   "name": "D6 Family Reunification Residence Visa",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Family members of a non-EU resident in Portugal joining them under family reunification.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60-90 days",
   "stay": "Matches the sponsor's permit, residence permit renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for spouse and adult dependants",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Family members build their own 5-year clock toward permanent residence and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d6-family-reunification-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "EU Family",
   "name": "Residence Card for Family Member of an EU/Portuguese Citizen",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU spouses, partners, or dependants of an EU or Portuguese citizen exercising free-movement rights.",
   "charge": "~€80 AIMA card fee",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "5-year residence card, then permanent",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to permanent residence after 5 years living with the EU/Portuguese citizen.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/residence-card-for-family-member-of-an-eu-portuguese-citizen"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "D7",
   "name": "D7 Residence Visa (Passive Income / Retirement)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Retirees and people with stable passive income (pensions, rentals, dividends) who want to live in Portugal.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit",
   "processing_time": "~60 days",
   "stay": "Visa valid 4 months/2 entries, then residence permit 2 years, renewable for 3",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted, but not required",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for permanent residence and then citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/d7-residence-visa-passive-income-retirement"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Golden Visa",
   "name": "Residence Permit for Investment (Golden Visa / ARI)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Investor",
   "who_for": "Non-EU investors making a qualifying investment in Portugal in exchange for residence rights with minimal stay.",
   "charge": "Investment from €250k-€500k + ~€6,000 AIMA processing/issuance fees per applicant",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months (current backlog)",
   "stay": "2-year residence permit, renewable; only 7 days/year stay required",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years you can apply for permanent residence or citizenship, with very low physical-stay requirements.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/residence-permit-for-investment-golden-visa-ari"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Golden Visa (RE)",
   "name": "Golden Visa Real Estate Route (Closed)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Investor",
   "who_for": "Investors who previously qualified for the Golden Visa by buying Portuguese real estate.",
   "charge": "Formerly €280k-€500k property purchase",
   "processing_time": "Not applicable",
   "stay": "Not available to new applicants",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted (existing holders)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Existing holders keep their pathway; new real estate applications are no longer accepted.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/golden-visa-real-estate-route-closed"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "StartUP",
   "name": "StartUP Visa (Residence for Innovative Entrepreneurs)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Non-EU entrepreneurs launching an innovative, scalable startup hosted by a certified Portuguese incubator.",
   "charge": "~€110 visa + ~€170 AIMA residence permit (incubator selection free)",
   "processing_time": "~30 days for incubator decision, then visa processing",
   "stay": "Residence permit 2 years, renewable for 3",
   "work_rights": "Building and running the incubated startup",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for permanent residence and citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/startup-visa-residence-for-innovative-entrepreneurs"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "CPLP",
   "name": "CPLP Mobility Residence Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Nationals of Portuguese-speaking (CPLP) countries using the mobility agreement to reside and work in Portugal.",
   "charge": "~€75 (reduced CPLP fee)",
   "processing_time": "~30-60 days",
   "stay": "1-year residence permit, renewable for 2-year periods",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward permanent residence; CPLP nationals also benefit from a shorter citizenship timeline.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/cplp-mobility-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Asylum",
   "name": "Asylum / Refugee and Subsidiary Protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People fleeing persecution or serious harm who seek international protection in Portugal.",
   "charge": "Free",
   "processing_time": "Varies widely (months to over a year)",
   "stay": "Residence permit while protected (renewable, often 5 years for refugees)",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted once the claim is admitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Recognised refugees can move to permanent residence and citizenship after the qualifying period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/asylum-refugee-and-subsidiary-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Humanitarian",
   "name": "Residence Permit on Exceptional / Humanitarian Grounds",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People who do not qualify for asylum but merit residence on humanitarian, public-interest, or exceptional grounds.",
   "charge": "~€80 AIMA fee (may be waived)",
   "processing_time": "Varies (often several months)",
   "stay": "Residence permit, typically renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Can lead to permanent residence after 5 years of legal residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/residence-permit-on-exceptional-humanitarian-grounds"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "PR",
   "name": "Permanent Residence Permit",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Non-EU residents who have lived legally in Portugal for at least 5 years and want indefinite residence.",
   "charge": "~€220 AIMA fee",
   "processing_time": "~90 days",
   "stay": "Permanent (card renewed every 5 years)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; you can later apply for Portuguese citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/permanent-residence-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "EU LTR",
   "name": "EU Long-Term Resident Status",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents in Portugal who want EU-wide long-term resident status and mobility to other member states.",
   "charge": "~€220 AIMA fee",
   "processing_time": "~90 days",
   "stay": "Long-term (renewable, with intra-EU mobility rights)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights, including easier access in other EU states",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "An EU-level settled status; can be combined with the path to citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/eu-long-term-resident-status"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "pt",
   "country": "Portugal",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Portuguese Citizenship by Naturalisation",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term legal residents who want to naturalise as Portuguese (and EU) citizens.",
   "charge": "~€250 naturalisation fee",
   "processing_time": "~12-24 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (full citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights as a citizen",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Citizenship is the final step; it grants a Portuguese/EU passport and dual nationality is allowed.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/pt/portuguese-citizenship-by-naturalisation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Tourist 30",
   "name": "Tourist Visa (30 days, single entry)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visitors coming for tourism, leisure or short family visits for up to 30 days.",
   "charge": "~AED 250-370 (incl. 5% VAT and service)",
   "processing_time": "~2-5 working days",
   "stay": "30 days (extendable once by 30 days)",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A tourist visa is non-residence and gives no path to UAE long-term residence or citizenship; you must switch to a sponsored residence route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/tourist-visa-30-days-single-entry"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Tourist 60",
   "name": "Tourist Visa (60 days, single entry)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Visitors wanting a longer tourism or family-visit stay of up to 60 days.",
   "charge": "~AED 350-500 (incl. 5% VAT and service)",
   "processing_time": "~2-5 working days",
   "stay": "60 days (extendable once by 60 days)",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A tourist visa is non-residence and provides no route to long-term residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/tourist-visa-60-days-single-entry"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "5-yr Multi",
   "name": "Five-Year Multiple-Entry Tourist Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Long-validity visitor",
   "who_for": "Frequent visitors wanting a self-sponsored 5-year multi-entry visa without a UAE host.",
   "charge": "~AED 1,500-3,700 (incl. fees, guarantee deposit)",
   "processing_time": "~2-5 working days",
   "stay": "Visa valid 5 years; each stay up to 90 days, extendable to 180 days/year",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "It is a long-validity visitor visa, not a residence visa, and does not lead to residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/five-year-multiple-entry-tourist-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Visit",
   "name": "Visit Visa (sponsored by relative or host/company)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "People visiting family, friends or a host company in the UAE on a sponsored short stay.",
   "charge": "~AED 300-600 (incl. VAT and service)",
   "processing_time": "~2-5 working days",
   "stay": "30, 60 or 90 days depending on type",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A visit visa is non-residence and gives no path to long-term residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/visit-visa-sponsored-by-relative-or-host-company"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Transit",
   "name": "Transit Visa (48 or 96 hours)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Transit",
   "who_for": "Travellers connecting through a UAE airport who wish to leave the airport for a short stopover.",
   "charge": "~AED 0 (48h, often free) / ~AED 50-216 (96h)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 working days",
   "stay": "48 hours or 96 hours",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A transit visa is for a stopover only and gives no path to residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/transit-visa-48-or-96-hours"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Work Visa",
   "name": "Employment / Work Residence Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign nationals with a UAE job offer sponsored by an employer or free-zone company.",
   "charge": "~AED 3,000-7,000 (employer-borne; incl. permit, medical, Emirates ID, stamping)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "2 years (mainland) or up to 3 years (free zone), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights for the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable indefinitely while employed; high earners/skilled workers may qualify for a Green or Golden visa, but there is no permanent residence or citizenship route for most.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/employment-work-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Green Visa",
   "name": "Green Residence Visa (5-year, self-sponsored)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Self-sponsored residence",
   "who_for": "Skilled employees, freelancers and self-employed professionals who self-sponsor without an employer.",
   "charge": "~AED 2,300-4,000 (govt fees; freelance permit extra)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer or self-employed (no single sponsor)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable 5-year self-sponsored residence; it does not by itself lead to permanent residence or citizenship, though holders may later qualify for a Golden visa.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/green-residence-visa-5-year-self-sponsored"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Golden Visa",
   "name": "Golden Residence Visa (10-year)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Long-term residence",
   "who_for": "Investors, entrepreneurs, specialised talents, top professionals and outstanding students/graduates.",
   "charge": "~AED 2,800-6,500 (govt fees; varies by category/emirate)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "10 years (5 years for some categories), automatically renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work/self-sponsorship rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "The closest thing to permanent residence in the UAE - a renewable 10-year self-sponsored visa - but it is not citizenship, which is granted only by exception.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/golden-residence-visa-10-year"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Blue Visa",
   "name": "Blue Residence Visa (10-year, environmental)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Long-term residence",
   "who_for": "Individuals with outstanding contributions to environmental protection and sustainability.",
   "charge": "~AED 350 nomination fee plus standard residence issuance fees",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks after nomination",
   "stay": "10 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work/self-sponsorship rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A renewable 10-year residence for sustainability leaders; it is not permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/blue-residence-visa-10-year-environmental"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Freelance",
   "name": "Freelance / Self-Employment Permit & Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Self-employed",
   "who_for": "Independent professionals wanting to work for themselves under a free-zone or MOHRE permit.",
   "charge": "~AED 7,500-15,000 permit; ~AED 14,000-26,000 full setup with visa",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "Permit 1-2 years; linked residence visa 1-2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Self-employed in the licensed activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while the permit is held; qualifying freelancers can progress to a 5-year Green visa, but there is no permanent residence or citizenship route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/freelance-self-employment-permit-and-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Virtual Work",
   "name": "Remote Work (Virtual Working) Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Remote workers and digital nomads employed by or running a business registered outside the UAE.",
   "charge": "~AED 1,050 (US$287) application plus medical, Emirates ID and insurance",
   "processing_time": "~5-7 working days",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work remotely for a non-UAE employer/business only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A renewable 1-year residence for remote workers; it does not lead to permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/remote-work-virtual-working-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Student Residence Visa",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students enrolled at an accredited UAE university or college.",
   "charge": "~AED 3,000-6,000 (incl. medical, Emirates ID, insurance)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable for the course duration",
   "work_rights": "Limited part-time work with permission",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while enrolled; outstanding students/graduates may qualify for a 5- or 10-year Golden visa, but study alone gives no permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/student-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Family Spouse",
   "name": "Family Residence Visa - Spouse",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Dependent",
   "who_for": "Spouses of UAE residents or citizens sponsored to live in the country.",
   "charge": "~AED 3,000-5,000 (incl. medical, Emirates ID, deposit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "Tied to sponsor's visa (1-3 years, or longer for Golden/Green), renewable",
   "work_rights": "Allowed with a separate work permit",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while the sponsor's visa is valid; family sponsorship does not lead to permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/family-residence-visa-spouse"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Family Child",
   "name": "Family Residence Visa - Children",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Dependent",
   "who_for": "Children of UAE residents or citizens sponsored as dependants.",
   "charge": "~AED 3,000-5,000 per child (incl. medical, Emirates ID, deposit)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "Tied to sponsor's visa, renewable",
   "work_rights": "No work rights (separate permit needed for adult children)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while the sponsoring parent's visa is valid; gives no permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/family-residence-visa-children"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Family Parent",
   "name": "Family Residence Visa - Parents",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Dependent",
   "who_for": "Parents sponsored by a UAE-resident son or daughter to live with them.",
   "charge": "~AED 5,000+ per parent (incl. higher deposit and insurance)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year, renewable (both parents sponsored together)",
   "work_rights": "No work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while the sponsor qualifies; gives no permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/family-residence-visa-parents"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Investor",
   "name": "Investor / Partner Residence Visa",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Investor",
   "who_for": "Owners or partners in a UAE company who self-sponsor based on their business stake.",
   "charge": "~AED 5,000-15,000+ (varies with licence and jurisdiction)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "2-3 years, renewable (10 years via Golden visa for larger investments)",
   "work_rights": "Work in and manage the owned business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while the business and stake are maintained; large investments (≥ AED 2 million) can qualify for a 10-year Golden visa, but there is no permanent residence or citizenship route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/investor-partner-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Retiree",
   "name": "Retirement Residence Visa (5-year)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Long-term residence",
   "who_for": "Retirees aged 55+ with sufficient property, savings or income to support themselves.",
   "charge": "~AED 3,500-5,000 (incl. medical, Emirates ID, insurance)",
   "processing_time": "~1 week",
   "stay": "5 years, renewable while criteria are met",
   "work_rights": "No work expected (retirement-based)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A renewable 5-year residence for retirees; it does not lead to permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/retirement-residence-visa-5-year"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Jobseeker",
   "name": "Job Exploration / Jobseeker Visit Visa",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Skilled professionals entering the UAE to look for work without a sponsor.",
   "charge": "~AED 200-400 govt fee (~AED 800-1,200+ with service and deposit)",
   "processing_time": "~2-5 working days",
   "stay": "60, 90 or 120 days, single entry",
   "work_rights": "No work until a job offer and work permit are obtained",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A temporary visit visa to find a job; once employed you switch to an employment visa, but it gives no direct route to long-term residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/job-exploration-jobseeker-visit-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Domestic",
   "name": "Domestic Worker Residence Visa",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Household workers (maids, drivers, nannies, cooks) sponsored by a UAE-resident family.",
   "charge": "~AED 5,000-7,000 (sponsor-borne, incl. permit, medical, Emirates ID)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "1-2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring household",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable while employed by the household; gives no permanent residence or citizenship route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/domestic-worker-residence-visa"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "ae",
   "country": "United Arab Emirates",
   "code": "Humanitarian",
   "name": "Humanitarian Residence / Treatment Entry Permit",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Humanitarian",
   "who_for": "People granted residence on humanitarian or medical-treatment grounds, including some stranded family cases.",
   "charge": "~AED 1,000-3,000 (varies by case)",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 weeks (case-dependent)",
   "stay": "Typically 1 year, renewable while grounds persist",
   "work_rights": "Generally no work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "A discretionary, renewable humanitarian residence; it does not lead to permanent residence or citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/ae/humanitarian-residence-treatment-entry-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Visit Pass",
   "name": "Short-Term Visit Pass",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For tourists, business visitors and short-term social visitors entering Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$30 e-Visa fee (visa-required nationals); visa-exempt nationals pay nothing",
   "processing_time": "~3-5 working days for an e-Visa",
   "stay": "Usually up to 30 or 90 days (set on arrival)",
   "work_rights": "No employment allowed",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct pathway; you must first obtain a longer-term work, study or family pass.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/short-term-visit-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "EP",
   "name": "Employment Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For foreign professionals, managers and executives in skilled jobs sponsored by a Singapore employer.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$225 issuance per pass",
   "processing_time": "~10 working days online",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (first issue), renewable up to 3 years",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring employer in the named role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "EP holders may apply for Permanent Residence after working in Singapore for a period.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/employment-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "S Pass",
   "name": "S Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For mid-skilled foreign workers such as technicians sponsored by a Singapore employer, subject to quota and levy.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$100 issuance; employer pays a monthly levy (from S$650)",
   "processing_time": "~3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "S Pass holders may apply for Permanent Residence after establishing a track record.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/s-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Work Permit",
   "name": "Work Permit for Migrant Workers",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For semi-skilled migrant workers in construction, manufacturing, marine, process and services sectors.",
   "charge": "~S$35 application + S$35 issuance; employer pays levy (from S$650) and a security bond",
   "processing_time": "~1 week",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable subject to age and employment limits",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring employer in the approved sector",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No realistic pathway to Permanent Residence from this pass.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/work-permit-for-migrant-workers"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Tech.Pass",
   "name": "Tech.Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For established tech entrepreneurs, leaders and experts to work, start and invest in Singapore's tech sector.",
   "charge": "~S$225 issuance per pass (after EDB endorsement)",
   "processing_time": "~several weeks for EDB assessment",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable for 2 more years",
   "work_rights": "Flexible: may start companies, be an employee, consult, lecture or invest",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Holders may apply for Permanent Residence on the strength of their contributions.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/tech-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "ONE Pass",
   "name": "Overseas Networks & Expertise Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For top-tier global talent across business, arts, sport, science and academia to work flexibly in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$225 issuance per pass",
   "processing_time": "~4-8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, renewable for 5 years",
   "work_rights": "Personal pass: work for and run multiple companies concurrently",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Holders can apply for Permanent Residence based on their standing and contributions.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/overseas-networks-and-expertise-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "PEP",
   "name": "Personalised Employment Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For high-earning experienced professionals who want a pass not tied to a single employer.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$225 issuance per pass",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, non-renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work for any employer; cannot run a business or freelance",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "PEP holders may apply for Permanent Residence while employed.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/personalised-employment-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "EntrePass",
   "name": "Entrepreneur Pass (EntrePass)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For foreign entrepreneurs starting a venture-backed or innovative business in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$225 issuance per pass",
   "processing_time": "~8 weeks",
   "stay": "1 year first issue, then renewable in 2-year blocks",
   "work_rights": "Run and work in your own ACRA-registered company",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Successful EntrePass entrepreneurs may apply for Permanent Residence as the business grows.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/entrepreneur-pass-entrepass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "TEP",
   "name": "Training Employment Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For foreign professionals and students undergoing practical training in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$225 issuance per pass",
   "processing_time": "~1 week",
   "stay": "Up to 3 months, non-renewable",
   "work_rights": "Practical training with the sponsoring company only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct pathway; move to an Employment Pass for longer-term prospects.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/training-employment-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Training WP",
   "name": "Training Work Permit",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For semi-skilled foreign trainees and students gaining practical training in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$35 application + S$35 issuance; employer pays levy and a security bond",
   "processing_time": "~1 week",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months, non-renewable",
   "work_rights": "Practical training with the sponsoring company only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to Permanent Residence from this pass.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/training-work-permit"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "WHP",
   "name": "Work Holiday Pass (Work/Working Holiday Programme)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For students and young graduates aged 18-25 (or up to 30 for some) who want to work and holiday in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$175 per pass",
   "processing_time": "~1 week",
   "stay": "6 months (Work Holiday Programme) or up to 12 months (Working Holiday Programme)",
   "work_rights": "Any short-term employment during the pass period",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct pathway; transition to a work pass for longer-term prospects.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/work-holiday-pass-work-working-holiday-programme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Misc Work Pass",
   "name": "Miscellaneous Work Pass",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "For foreign speakers, religious workers and journalists taking on short-term assignments in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$235 per pass",
   "processing_time": "~7 working days",
   "stay": "Up to 60 days, non-renewable",
   "work_rights": "Specific short-term assignment only (e.g. seminar, religious work)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No pathway to Permanent Residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/miscellaneous-work-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "LOC",
   "name": "Letter of Consent",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For Dependant's Pass and certain Long-Term Visit Pass holders to take up employment in Singapore.",
   "charge": "No separate pass fee (issued on top of the existing pass)",
   "processing_time": "~1 week",
   "stay": "Tied to the validity of the underlying Dependant's/Long-Term Visit Pass",
   "work_rights": "Work for the sponsoring employer named in the LOC",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not itself a settlement route; PR depends on the underlying family/work status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/letter-of-consent"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Student Pass",
   "name": "Student's Pass",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For international students enrolled in full-time study at an approved Singapore institution.",
   "charge": "~S$30 processing + S$60 issuance (plus S$30 Multiple Journey Visa if needed)",
   "processing_time": "~1-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the course of study",
   "work_rights": "Limited part-time/vacation work for tertiary students only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Graduates who take up work passes can later apply for Permanent Residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/student-s-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "DP",
   "name": "Dependant's Pass",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For the spouse and children of eligible Employment Pass, S Pass, ONE Pass or EntrePass holders.",
   "charge": "~S$105 application + S$225 issuance per pass",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "Tied to the main pass holder's pass validity",
   "work_rights": "Allowed only with a separate Letter of Consent",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Family members can be included in the main holder's PR application.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/dependant-s-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "LTVP",
   "name": "Long-Term Visit Pass",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For common-law spouses, parents, step/handicapped children of pass holders, or family of Singapore Citizens/PRs.",
   "charge": "ICA route ~S$45 + S$60; MOM route ~S$105 + S$225 (plus S$30 Multiple Journey Visa)",
   "processing_time": "~2-6 weeks",
   "stay": "Usually 1-2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Allowed only with a Letter of Consent (for eligible holders)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Spouses of Singapore Citizens/PRs on an LTVP can progress toward Permanent Residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/long-term-visit-pass"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "LTVP+",
   "name": "Long-Term Visit Pass Plus",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "For foreign spouses of Singapore Citizens, especially those with children or a longer marriage, offering enhanced benefits.",
   "charge": "~S$45 application + S$60 issuance (plus S$30 Multiple Journey Visa)",
   "processing_time": "~4-6 weeks",
   "stay": "3 years first issue, then up to 5 years on renewal",
   "work_rights": "Allowed with a Letter of Consent",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "LTVP+ provides greater stability and a clearer route toward Permanent Residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/long-term-visit-pass-plus"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "GIP",
   "name": "Global Investor Programme",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For established business owners, investors and family-office principals who invest substantially and gain Permanent Residence.",
   "charge": "Investment from S$10 million (business) up to S$200 million (family office), plus ICA PR fees",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (with a 5-year Re-Entry Permit)",
   "work_rights": "Run and invest in business in Singapore",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Approval grants Permanent Residence directly, with a route to citizenship later.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/global-investor-programme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "ForArts",
   "name": "Foreign Artistic Talent Scheme (Permanent Residence)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For outstanding foreign talent in the arts and culture who have contributed to Singapore's cultural scene.",
   "charge": "~S$100 application + ~S$120 issuance (ICA PR fees)",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (with a 5-year Re-Entry Permit)",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights as a Permanent Resident",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Successful applicants are granted Permanent Residence under the scheme.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/foreign-artistic-talent-scheme-permanent-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "PR",
   "name": "Singapore Permanent Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "For eligible work pass holders, spouses/children of Singaporeans/PRs and investors seeking to settle in Singapore.",
   "charge": "~S$100 application per person + ~S$120 issuance (IC, entry & re-entry permit)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months (often longer)",
   "stay": "Permanent, with a Re-Entry Permit (usually 5 years) to retain status when travelling",
   "work_rights": "Live and work freely without a work pass",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "PR is the main stepping stone to applying for Singapore citizenship.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/singapore-permanent-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "sg",
   "country": "Singapore",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Singapore Citizenship by Registration",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Settlement",
   "who_for": "For Permanent Residents and spouses of Singaporeans who meet residence requirements and wish to naturalise.",
   "charge": "~S$100 application + S$70 citizenship certificate + S$10 identity card",
   "processing_time": "~6-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (full citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Full rights to live and work in Singapore",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Citizenship is the final step; Singapore generally does not allow dual citizenship for adults.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/sg/singapore-citizenship-by-registration"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Temporary Visitor",
   "name": "Temporary Visitor (Tourist / Business / Visiting Relatives)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Tourists, short-term business visitors and people visiting friends or relatives for a brief stay.",
   "charge": "~¥3,000 (single-entry); ~¥6,000 (multiple-entry); waived for visa-exempt nationals",
   "processing_time": "~5 working days",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days (15 or 30 days for some nationalities)",
   "work_rights": "No paid work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct path; you must switch to a long-stay status of residence to build toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/temporary-visitor-tourist-business-visiting-relatives"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Engineer / Humanities",
   "name": "Engineer / Specialist in Humanities / International Services",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "University-educated professionals in engineering, IT, the humanities or international/translation roles with a Japanese employer.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant (change of status / extension); Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work only in the sponsored professional field",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule for permanent residence (shorter via Highly Skilled points).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/engineer-specialist-in-humanities-international-services"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "HSP (i)",
   "name": "Highly Skilled Professional (i)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Highly qualified academics, specialists or managers scoring 70+ on the points test for accelerated benefits.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Broad work rights across the qualifying activity, plus some side activities",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Fast-track permanent residence after 3 years (1 year if scoring 80+ points).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/highly-skilled-professional-i"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "HSP (ii)",
   "name": "Highly Skilled Professional (ii)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "HSP (i) holders who have worked 3+ years and want a near-permanent, indefinite work status.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant (change of status)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks-2 months",
   "stay": "Indefinite (no fixed expiry)",
   "work_rights": "Almost unrestricted work across nearly all employment-based activities",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Already near-permanent; holders typically also qualify for full permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/highly-skilled-professional-ii"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "SSW Type 1",
   "name": "Specified Skilled Worker (i)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers with tested skills filling labour shortages in designated industry sectors (e.g. care, food, construction).",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years total (renewed in increments)",
   "work_rights": "Work in the designated specified-skills sector",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No family sponsorship and a 5-year cap; progress toward PR by upgrading to SSW (ii).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/specified-skilled-worker-i"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "SSW Type 2",
   "name": "Specified Skilled Worker (ii)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Experienced specified-skill workers with supervisory-level skills in eligible sectors seeking renewable, family-friendly status.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant (change of status / extension)",
   "processing_time": "~2 weeks-2 months",
   "stay": "Renewable indefinitely (3-year, 1-year or 6-month periods)",
   "work_rights": "Work in the designated sector at an advanced/supervisory level",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable without a cap and allows dependants, so it counts toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/specified-skilled-worker-ii"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Business Manager",
   "name": "Business Manager",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign nationals investing in and managing or running a business in Japan.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year, 6 months, 4 months or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Manage and operate the sponsored business",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule for permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/business-manager"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Startup",
   "name": "Designated Activities (Startup / Business Preparation)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Aspiring entrepreneurs given time in Japan to prepare a business before switching to Business Manager.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; municipality endorsement required",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months including municipal screening",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (to prepare the business)",
   "work_rights": "Business-preparation activities only; not general employment",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a PR route itself; you switch to Business Manager, which then counts toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/designated-activities-startup-business-preparation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Intra-company",
   "name": "Intra-company Transferee",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Staff transferred from an overseas branch, parent or subsidiary to the company's office in Japan.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work for the related company in Japan in a specialist/management role",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule (or faster via Highly Skilled points).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/intra-company-transferee"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Instructor",
   "name": "Instructor",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Language and other teachers at elementary, junior-high and high schools or similar institutions.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Teaching at the sponsoring school",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule for permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/instructor"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Professor",
   "name": "Professor",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers, lecturers and professors teaching or conducting research at universities and equivalent institutions.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Research and teaching at the sponsoring university/college",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule (faster via Highly Skilled points).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/professor"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Researcher",
   "name": "Researcher",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People conducting research under a contract with a public or private institution or company in Japan.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Research under the sponsoring institution's contract",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule (faster via Highly Skilled points).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/researcher"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Nursing Care",
   "name": "Nursing Care (Kaigo)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Qualified care workers employed to provide nursing/long-term care under a Japanese 'kaigofukushishi' certification.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Certified nursing-care work",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable without a cap and allows dependants, so it counts toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/nursing-care-kaigo"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Skilled Labor",
   "name": "Skilled Labor",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers with specialised craft or trade skills such as foreign-cuisine chefs, sommeliers, pilots and animal trainers.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Work in the specialised skilled trade",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward the 10-year residence rule for permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/skilled-labor"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Student",
   "name": "Student",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People enrolled at a Japanese university, college, vocational school or language school.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years 3 months, matched to the course (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time up to 28 hours/week with permission",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; graduates typically switch to a work status, which then counts toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/student"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Cultural Activities",
   "name": "Cultural Activities",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People pursuing unpaid academic/artistic study or learning a traditional Japanese art or culture.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "3 years, 1 year, 6 months or 3 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "No paid work (unpaid cultural/academic activity only)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a PR route; switch to a work or family status to progress toward PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/cultural-activities"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Working Holiday",
   "name": "Designated Activities (Working Holiday)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Young people from partner countries combining a holiday in Japan with incidental work to fund the trip.",
   "charge": "Free (working holiday visa issued without charge)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 weeks to a few weeks",
   "stay": "Usually up to 1 year (6 or 18 months for some partners)",
   "work_rights": "Incidental work to supplement travel funds",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a PR route; switch to a work status to build toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/designated-activities-working-holiday"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Digital Nomad",
   "name": "Designated Activities (Digital Nomad)",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Remote workers and freelancers earning from overseas employers/clients who want to live in Japan short-term.",
   "charge": "~¥3,000 (single-entry visa); private health insurance required",
   "processing_time": "~a few weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months (non-renewable; no residence card issued)",
   "work_rights": "Remote work for overseas employers/clients only",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No PR path; a 6-month, non-renewable status that does not count toward permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/designated-activities-digital-nomad"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Technical Intern",
   "name": "Technical Intern Training (i / ii / iii)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers from developing countries gaining on-the-job skills transfer with a Japanese host organisation.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years total across the three stages",
   "work_rights": "Skills-training work in the designated occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Capped at 5 years and not a PR route; many move to Specified Skilled Worker afterward.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/technical-intern-training-i-ii-iii"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Trainee",
   "name": "Trainee",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People receiving non-employment skills training (often corporate or public-sector) at a Japanese organisation.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "1 year, 6 months or 3 months",
   "work_rights": "Training activities only (not employment)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Not a PR route; a short, non-employment training status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/trainee"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Dependent",
   "name": "Dependent (Spouse / Child)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses and children of foreign nationals holding most work or student statuses in Japan.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "Matched to the principal's status (up to 5 years, renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time up to 28 hours/week with permission",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Follows the principal; counts toward the family's residence record for PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/dependent-spouse-child"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Spouse of Japanese",
   "name": "Spouse or Child of Japanese National",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses, biological children and special-adopted children of Japanese nationals.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 6 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Eligible for permanent residence after about 3 years of marriage and 1 year of residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/spouse-or-child-of-japanese-national"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Spouse of PR",
   "name": "Spouse or Child of Permanent Resident",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses and children of permanent residents (or special permanent residents) of Japan.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 6 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Eligible for permanent residence after about 3 years of marriage and 1 year of residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/spouse-or-child-of-permanent-resident"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Long-Term Resident",
   "name": "Long-Term Resident",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Long-term residence",
   "who_for": "People granted residence on special grounds such as Nikkei (Japanese descent), divorced/widowed spouses or resettled refugees.",
   "charge": "~¥4,000 on grant; Certificate of Eligibility is free",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months for the Certificate of Eligibility",
   "stay": "5 years, 3 years, 1 year or 6 months (renewable)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Renewable freely and counts toward permanent residence (often after ~5 years).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/long-term-resident"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Refugee",
   "name": "Refugee Recognition / Complementary Protection",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Protection",
   "who_for": "People in Japan seeking protection because they face persecution or serious harm if returned home.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "~several months to a few years",
   "stay": "Status of residence granted on recognition (typically Long-Term Resident)",
   "work_rights": "Permitted once recognised (or with work permission during processing in some cases)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Recognised refugees usually receive Long-Term Resident status and can later apply for PR.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/refugee-recognition-complementary-protection"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Permanent Resident",
   "name": "Permanent Resident (Eijuken)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents seeking indefinite settlement in Japan without status renewals or work restrictions.",
   "charge": "~¥10,000 on grant (2025; statutory caps rising under 2026 reforms)",
   "processing_time": "~4-12 months",
   "stay": "Permanent (residence card renewed every 7 years)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work permitted",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; you may later apply for naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/permanent-resident-eijuken"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "jp",
   "country": "Japan",
   "code": "Naturalisation",
   "name": "Naturalisation (Japanese Citizenship)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents who want to become Japanese nationals and hold a Japanese passport.",
   "charge": "No application fee",
   "processing_time": "~8-12 months (often longer)",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted (as a citizen)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is full citizenship, the final settlement step; Japan generally requires giving up other nationalities.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/jp/naturalisation-japanese-citizenship"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "C-3",
   "name": "C-3 Short-Term Visit (General)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Tourists, visitors to family or friends, and people attending short events or meetings in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩53,000 / US$40 single-entry (US$90 multiple-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days per entry",
   "work_rights": "No paid work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR pathway; switch to a long-term D/E/F status from inside or outside Korea.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/c-3-short-term-visit-general"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "K-ETA",
   "name": "Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA)",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Travel authorization",
   "who_for": "Nationals of visa-waiver countries who want to enter Korea without a consular visa.",
   "charge": "~₩10,000 / US$8 (plus processing fee)",
   "processing_time": "~within 72 hours",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days per entry (per visa-waiver agreement)",
   "work_rights": "No paid work permitted",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No PR pathway; a travel authorization only.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/korea-electronic-travel-authorization-k-eta"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "C-4",
   "name": "C-4 Short-Term Employment",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "People doing short-term paid work such as performances, modelling, lectures or seasonal labour.",
   "charge": "~₩53,000 / US$40 single-entry",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 90 days",
   "work_rights": "Paid work limited to the approved short-term activity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR pathway; switch to a long-term work status if continuing.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/c-4-short-term-employment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "E-7",
   "name": "E-7 Special Occupation (Skilled / Designated Activities)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Professionals and skilled workers hired for one of the government-designated E-7 occupations.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks after issuance confirmation",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Work only for the sponsoring employer in the designated occupation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward F-2 residence and F-5 permanent residence after qualifying years and points.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/e-7-special-occupation-skilled-designated-activities"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "E-9",
   "name": "E-9 Non-Professional Employment (EPS)",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Workers from EPS partner countries filling low-skilled jobs in manufacturing, agriculture, fishing and more.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 plus EPS programme costs",
   "processing_time": "~several months (after EPS roster matching)",
   "stay": "Up to 4 years 10 months (extendable to ~9 years 8 months)",
   "work_rights": "Work only in the assigned sector for the matched employer",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Limited; high-skilled E-9 workers may transition to E-7-4 and onward to F-2/F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/e-9-non-professional-employment-eps"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "E-1",
   "name": "E-1 Professor",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign professors and researchers teaching or doing research at Korean universities and colleges.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Teaching/research at the sponsoring higher-education institution",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Counts toward F-2 and F-5; high-level professors may qualify under talent criteria.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/e-1-professor"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "E-2",
   "name": "E-2 Foreign Language Instructor",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Native-level language teachers employed by schools, hagwons and language institutes in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Language teaching only for the sponsoring institution",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years of E-2 employment count toward F-2 residence and eventual F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/e-2-foreign-language-instructor"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "E-3",
   "name": "E-3 Research",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Researchers in natural sciences or advanced technology at Korean research institutes or companies.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Research for the sponsoring institute or company",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Research experience supports F-2 and the science/technology talent route to F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/e-3-research"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "E-6",
   "name": "E-6 Arts and Entertainment",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Performers, artists, athletes and entertainers contracted to work in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Arts, performance, sport or entertainment for the sponsor",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years of lawful E-6 work count toward F-2 and F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/e-6-arts-and-entertainment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "D-2",
   "name": "D-2 Student (Degree Programme)",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "International students enrolled in a degree programme at a Korean university or graduate school.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Duration of the course (typically renewed yearly)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work allowed with prior permission",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Graduates can move to D-10 job-seeking, E-7 work, and onward to F-2/F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/d-2-student-degree-programme"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "D-4",
   "name": "D-4 General Training / Language Study",
   "category": "study",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Students in Korean-language courses or non-degree training at approved institutions.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years (renewed in stages)",
   "work_rights": "Part-time work allowed with permission after a qualifying period",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No direct PR; commonly a bridge to D-2 degree study and later work routes.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/d-4-general-training-language-study"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "D-10",
   "name": "D-10 Job Seeker / Job-Seeking",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Graduates and skilled people seeking professional employment or preparing a startup in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 6 months at a time (max ~2 years total)",
   "work_rights": "Internships and job-search activities; limited paid work with permission",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Designed as a bridge to E-7 work and the technology startup (D-8-4) route.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/d-10-job-seeker-job-seeking"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "D-8",
   "name": "D-8 Corporate Investment",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign investors and essential staff of a foreign-invested company established in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks after foreign-investment registration",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Management or essential roles in the invested company",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Investors can pursue F-2 residence and F-5 permanent residence (including investor PR tiers).",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/d-8-corporate-investment"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "D-9",
   "name": "D-9 Trade Management / International Trade",
   "category": "business",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "People running trade, import-export or business management operations not covered by D-8.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Trade and business management for the registered operation",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years of lawful business operation count toward F-2 and F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/d-9-trade-management-international-trade"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "D-7",
   "name": "D-7 Intra-Company Transfer",
   "category": "work",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Employees transferred to the Korean branch, subsidiary or affiliate of their overseas employer.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Essential or managerial role at the Korean entity",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Years of lawful work count toward F-2 residence and F-5.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/d-7-intra-company-transfer"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-1",
   "name": "F-1 Visiting / Cohabitation",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Family members joining relatives in Korea, including parents and certain dependants, for longer stays.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 2 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Generally no work (limited permission in some sub-categories)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Long-term family residence can lead to F-2 and F-5 in qualifying cases.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-1-visiting-cohabitation"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-3",
   "name": "F-3 Accompanying Dependent",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Spouses and minor children accompanying a long-term visa holder (D, E or certain F status).",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Tied to the principal visa holder's stay",
   "work_rights": "No work permitted (must switch status to work)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Dependants follow the principal's path or switch to their own work/residence status.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-3-accompanying-dependent"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-6",
   "name": "F-6 Marriage Migrant (Spouse of a Korean)",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign spouses of Korean nationals coming to live with their partner in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks (after marriage-visa screening)",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Full work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Leads to F-5 permanent residence and simplified naturalisation after qualifying years.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-6-marriage-migrant-spouse-of-a-korean"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-2",
   "name": "F-2 Long-Term Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents granted broad residence rights, including some refugees and long-staying workers.",
   "charge": "~₩130,000 / US$100 (change of status)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Broad work rights (most sub-categories)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Primary stepping stone to F-5 permanent residence.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-2-long-term-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-2-7",
   "name": "F-2-7 Points-Based Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Points-based",
   "who_for": "Skilled professionals who qualify for residence through Korea's points-based scoring system.",
   "charge": "~₩130,000 / US$100 (change of status)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 months",
   "stay": "Up to 5 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Broad work rights",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": true,
   "pr_pathway": "Direct pathway to F-5 permanent residence once thresholds and years are met.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-2-7-points-based-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-4",
   "name": "F-4 Overseas Korean",
   "category": "family",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Foreign nationals of Korean heritage (and their descendants) holding overseas-Korean status.",
   "charge": "~₩80,000 / US$60 (long-term single-entry)",
   "processing_time": "~2-4 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 3 years, renewable",
   "work_rights": "Broad work rights (excluding simple-labour jobs)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Provides an easier route to F-5 permanent residence and to restoring Korean nationality.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-4-overseas-korean"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "H-1",
   "name": "H-1 Working Holiday",
   "category": "visit",
   "type": "Short stay",
   "who_for": "Young people from working-holiday partner countries combining travel and casual work in Korea.",
   "charge": "~₩40,000-80,000 / US$30-60 (varies by agreement; often free)",
   "processing_time": "~1-3 weeks",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year (per bilateral agreement)",
   "work_rights": "Casual / part-time work permitted (some sectors restricted)",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "No PR pathway; switch to a work or study status to stay longer.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/h-1-working-holiday"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "G-1",
   "name": "G-1 Miscellaneous / Humanitarian Stay",
   "category": "humanitarian",
   "type": "Temporary",
   "who_for": "Asylum applicants, humanitarian-status holders and others permitted to stay on special grounds.",
   "charge": "~₩30,000 / US$23 (alien registration) - application generally low-cost",
   "processing_time": "Varies widely (asylum decisions can take many months)",
   "stay": "Up to 1 year, renewable while grounds persist",
   "work_rights": "Work allowed with permission in many sub-categories",
   "permanent": false,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "Recognised refugees can progress to F-2 and eventually F-5; humanitarian status is more limited.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/g-1-miscellaneous-humanitarian-stay"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "F-5",
   "name": "F-5 Permanent Residence",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Permanent residence",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents, investors, talent and family of Koreans granted indefinite permanent residence.",
   "charge": "~₩200,000 / US$150 (permanent-residence grant)",
   "processing_time": "~6 months or longer",
   "stay": "Permanent (residence card renewed every 10 years)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted work rights",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is permanent residence; holders may later apply for naturalisation.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/f-5-permanent-residence"
  },
  {
   "country_code": "kr",
   "country": "South Korea",
   "code": "Citizenship",
   "name": "Naturalisation (Korean Citizenship)",
   "category": "settlement",
   "type": "Citizenship",
   "who_for": "Long-term residents and spouses of Koreans applying to become Korean citizens.",
   "charge": "~₩300,000 / US$225 (naturalisation application)",
   "processing_time": "~1-2 years or longer",
   "stay": "Permanent (citizenship)",
   "work_rights": "Unrestricted (as a citizen)",
   "permanent": true,
   "points_tested": false,
   "pr_pathway": "This is full citizenship, the final step of settlement.",
   "url": "https://visachief.com/kr/naturalisation-korean-citizenship"
  }
 ]
}